<p>The Woodstock Opera House is a historical venue for performing arts and receptions located in Woodstock, Illinois. It was built in 1889 and designed as a multi-use facility with space for city administration offices as well as police and fire departments. The building was planned by architect Smith Hoag and built by contractor Simon Brink for a cost of $25,000. Today, the City of Woodstock still owns the building, but the building is used exclusively as a performance space. Perhaps the most notable performer to grace the stage was Orson Welles, who grew up in Woodstock and to whom the stage was dedicated in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Opera House was built in 1889 to house the library, council room, justice court, fire department and second floor auditorium for the City of Woodstock. The Patti Rosa Company provided the inaugural performance of Margery Daw on Thursday, September 4, 1890.</p><br>
<p>The Opera House became McHenry County’s center for entertainment hosting touring vaudeville, minstrel and dramatic companies.</p><br>
<p>When the traveling circuits disappeared in the early 20th century, the Opera House became the site for the Chicago-area’s first, however short-lived, summer stock theatre. Presented by the Todd School for Boys, The Todd Theatre Festival of 1934 was a six-week summer festival organized by Orson Welles, a 1931 graduate of the school. Three plays were presented — Trilby, Hamlet and Tsar Paul — featuring Welles, Hilton Edwards and Micheál MacLiammóir of Dublins Gate Theatre, Louise Prussing, Charles ONeal and Constance Heron. The stage of the Woodstock Opera House was dedicated to Welles in 2013, and the Woodstock Opera House hosted an 80th anniversary celebration of the Todd Theatre Festival.</p><br>
<p>In 1947, a group of citizens formed and supported the Woodstock Players. For several years the Players, provided acting experience for students graduation from the Goodman School. Now-famous personalities Paul Newman, Tom Bosley, Betsy Palmer, Geraldine Page, Shelley Berman and Lois Nettleton were among the more notable personalities.</p><br>
<p>In 1968, the Town Square Players was established. They were incorporated as a non-profit organization in 1973. In 1974, the Woodstock Musical Theatre Company was founded and made the Opera House their home. Both companies still perform regular seasons at the Opera House every year.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Erected in 1889, the Opera House was designed and constructed by Elgin-based architect Smith Hoag at a cost of $25,000. The construction materials are mostly of local origin including limestone, terra cotta, fieldstone, white brick, and sandstone. Its architectural style is a mixture of late Victorian-era tastes combined with Early American, Midwestern, Gothic, and even Moorish elements. The interior is modeled after the showboats of the time, with dimensions and decorations that imitate many of those grand floating theatres.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, the Junior Civic Arts League invested time and effort to battle the increasing deterioration of the auditorium and stage. The Woodstock Fine Arts Association was formed in 1961 with the purpose of restoring the Opera House through the next decade.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, the Opera House was declared a "landmark" by the city and the Woodstock Opera House Community Center, Inc. was formed to raise funds for a restoration effort. The Opera House was later closed for two years of restoration work. It reopened in February 1977 and was renamed the Woodstock Opera House Community Center. Additional restoration projects were finished over the next two decades and the Opera House was considered fully restored with the final addition of the front Portico in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The building continues to be owned and maintained by the City of Woodstock and local residents. It features historic furnishings, stained glass windows, tin ceilings, original woodwork and hand drawn stencil ornamentations.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, a new annex was completed and added to the Opera House on its adjacent lot. It provides disability access to the stage, a freight elevator, additional back stage areas, offices and the Stage Left Café.</p><br>
<p>The Orson Welles Stage was dedicated February 10, 2013, honoring the site of Welles&#39;s American debut as a professional theatre director.</p><br>
<h2>Current operations</h2><br>
<p>The Woodstock Opera House hosts a variety of programming and events each year including concerts, theatrical plays, dance, visual arts, educational programming, lectures, meetings, receptions, and more. Situated on the historic square in downtown Woodstock, the Opera House is one of the oldest continuously operating theatres in the country.</p><br>
<p>The Opera House is a fully modernized theatre while retaining its historical character. It features contemporary sound, lighting, stage rigging, heating, air-conditioning and other amenities and is owned and operated by the City of Woodstock.</p><br>
<h2>Cinema</h2><br>
<p>The venue is featured prominently in the film Groundhog Day (which was filmed primarily in Woodstock) as The Pennsylvanian Hotel.</p><br>
<p>Mount Funagata is a mountain within the Ōu Mountains on the border of Miyagi Prefecture and Yamagata Prefecture in the Tohoku region of northern Japan. It is listed as one of the "200 famous mountains of Japan" and has a height of 1,500.34 m. The mountain is also known as Mount Goshō when viewed from Yamagata prefecture.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Several mountains around Japan are called "Funagata" due to their resemblance to the hull of a boat when viewed from certain angles. The name of "Mount Goshō" comes from a local legend that exiled Emperor Juntoku escaped from his prison on Sado island and lived in obscurity at the base of this mountain. Yet another legend states that the name comes from the five peaks of the mountain. This has also led to the term Funagata Mountains, which is used in the name of Funagata Renpō Prefectural Natural Park, although all five peaks are part of the same stratovolcano. The other peaks that compose the Funagata volcano include Mount Ushiroshirahige (後白髪山), Mount Mitsumine (三峰山), and Mount Izumigatake (泉ヶ岳). Izumigatake is the most famous of these mountains, with two ski resorts and several camping areas. Izumigatake is also the namesake of Izumi-ku, Sendai.</p><br>
<p>Mount Kurohana (黒鼻山) was traditionally considered part of Mount Funagata; however, recent research has revealed that Mount Kurohana should be considered a separate volcano.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Mount Funagata is an active stratovolcano formed from the end of the Tertiary period to the beginning of the Quaternary when the Ōu Mountains were raised from the sea. Mount Izumigatake is the oldest peak, created around 1.2 million years ago. The current main mountain body was completed by repeated volcanic activity from 600,000 to 850,000 years ago. Mount Funagata is made up of andesite, which is easily distinguished from the pigeonite basalt that erupted from Mout Kurohana. The crater that produced Mount Izumigatake is located on a ridge between Izumigatake and Kita-izumigatake (North Izumigatake).</p><br>
<p>North–South Lake is an 1,100-acre  state campground in the Catskill Forest Preserve near Palenville, New York operated by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation near the site of the historic Catskill Mountain House overlooking the Hudson River. The escarpment on which the lakes are located is at 2,250 feet , 1,700 feet  above the valley floor, providing a view of five states in clear weather.</p><br>
<p>The area is rich in history. It was a favorite subject of painters in the Hudson River school, particularly Thomas Cole. For a long time, the prestigious resort hotels in the area made it synonymous with the Catskills.</p><br>
<p>Today, the area provides hiking, swimming, boating (no motors), and fishing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early America</h3><br>
<p>The North–South Lake area is not only the beginning of the recreational history of the Catskills, but "America&#39;s First Wilderness."</p><br>
<p>This goes back to the years before the Revolution, to 1753, when early naturalist John Bartram visited the area with his son to collect samples of balsam fir, which was sought for its alleged medicinal properties. While the seedlings he gathered failed to flourish in Britain when replanted by his patrons, his account of the expedition, "A Journey to Ye Cat Skill Mountains with Billy," became popular in the colonies and in Britain.</p><br>
<h3>Hudson River School</h3><br>
<p>In the early years of the 19th century, American artists seeking a subject matter unique to the new nation were drawn away from New York City and up the Hudson Valley. There they focused on the wildness of the landscape where mountains drew close to the river, first in the Hudson Highlands and then, further north, the Catskill Escarpment, where mountains rise to nearly 4,000 feet (1219 m) from a flat valley floor. Their work was known, at first derisively, as the Hudson River School and eventually became America&#39;s first homegrown artistic movement.</p><br>
<p>On that escarpment they found the two lakes. Painters like Thomas Cole depicted them in many works that sold far and wide.</p><br>
<h3>Resort hotels</h3><br>
<p>Cole would be a frequent guest at, and lend his fame to, the Catskill Mountain House, built in 1823 by a group of businessmen from the nearby village of Catskill on the "Pine Orchard" overlook that the Bartrams had made famous in their visit 70 years earlier. In 1839, Charles Beach took over. He made it into a premiere attraction for the country&#39;s elite, a sort of Hamptons of its day where politicians (including some presidents), captains of industry, artists, poets and writers would rub shoulders, admire the view, take walks in the adjacent forests by day and excellent dinners by night.</p><br>
<p>The hotel owners told guests that an Indian legend had it that the two lakes were the eyes of a fallen giant, and his buried body the escarpment itself (in reality, there is no such legend).</p><br>
<p>Other hotels were built in the area. Beach&#39;s remark to a dissatisfied guest, a Philadelphia businessman, that he should build himself his own hotel led to the creation of the Hotel Kaaterskill near the top of neighboring South Mountain, and the smaller Laurel House Hotel on Laurel House Road in Haines Falls, N.Y. boasted control over one of the top attractions of the area, Kaaterskill Falls.</p><br>
<p>The popularity of the resorts led to the construction of narrow-gauge rail spurs and an incline railway up the escarpment to more efficiently bring guests to their destinations. The rights-of-way remain in the area to this day although the tracks themselves are long gone.</p><br>
<p>The areas reputation suffered a major blow in the early 1880s when Arnold Henry Guyot, an occasional visitor, undertook to do in his spare time the first complete survey of the Catskills and found that, contrary to the claims of Beach and other hoteliers in the area, the highest mountain was not nearby Kaaterskill High Peak, which dominates the view south over the lakes, but Slide Mountain, some distance to the southwest in the Ulster County town of Shandaken. They at first disputed this claim vigorously and even tried to cast aspersions on Guyots reputation, but by 1886 his results had been confirmed by others and the North-South lake region had lost some of its cachet.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century the hotels began to decline as other mountain regions in the Northeast and elsewhere began to attract guests and automobiles began to displace rail as the primary means of intercity transport, making vacations of a weekend&#39;s duration possible rather than the weeks and months guests had often stayed at the Mountain House.</p><br>
<p>Fires leveled both the Kaaterskill and Laurel; neither was ever rebuilt.</p><br>
<h3>Public ownership</h3><br>
<p>In 1929 the state parks department, under the leadership of Robert Moses, took advantage of the downturn in the hotel business to acquire some of the land around the lakes and keep them "forever wild" under Article 14 of the New York State Constitution. At that time the two lakes were separated by an earthen dam, and South Lake and the land east of North Lake beach were privately owned. The original campground consisted of 10 sites (there are currently 219 sites) and a small picnic area.</p><br>
<p>The beaches were added in 1936.</p><br>
<p>Eventually, the state was able to acquire all the land save that around the original Mountain House, which finally closed for good after a failed attempt to revive and relaunch it in 1940. After the war that, too, would come into state ownership.</p><br>
<p>While preservationists fought to save the remains of the Mountain House throughout the 1950s for their historical value, the policies under which Forest Preserve land was managed required the state to remove most structures on it, and they were becoming an attractive nuisance as well. Accordingly, the Mountain House was razed one winter morning in 1963.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s, the dam between the lakes was removed and a new dam built at the outlet of South Lake to create one large lake.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The campground now plays host to 219 sites and thousands of visitors, both day and overnight, annually. It is the most popular state property in the Catskill Park.</p><br>
<p>Visitors can choose from a wide array of recreation, either waterborne or land-based. The most common activity is the same as it was in the days of the Mountain House... hiking via the many trails to nearby points of interest such as the ruins of the Kaaterskill and the Mountain House, Kaaterskill Falls, Marys Glen and its smaller waterfall, and the many views of the Hudson Valley along the Escarpment Trail. The latter retain names from the 19th century such as "Artists Rock." Some have etchings dating back to those days as well.</p><br>
<p>The hardiest visitors usually take in the trip up North Mountain to the views at North Point.</p><br>
<p>Closer to the ground, there are also many clever balanced-rock displays made by hotel guests. One rarely missed is Alligator Rock, in which a pair of glacial erratics that formed an open mouth had "teeth" added over the years so it looks like an alligator&#39;s open mouth.</p><br>
<p>DEC charges a $10 fee per car for day users of the campground between May and October.</p><br>
<p>Paulet Island is a circular island about 1.5 km in diameter, lying 4.5 km south-east of Dundee Island, off the north-eastern end of the Antarctic Peninsula. Because of its large penguin colony, it is a popular destination for sightseeing tours.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The island is composed of lava flows capped by a cinder cone with a small summit crater. Geothermal heat keeps parts of the island ice-free, and the youthful morphology of the volcano suggests that it was last active within the last 1,000 years.</p><br>
<h2>Historic monuments</h2><br>
<p>Paulet Island was discovered by a British expedition (1839–1843) under James Clark Ross and named by him for Captain the Right Honorable Lord George Paulet, Royal Navy.</p><br>
<p>In 1903 during the Swedish Antarctic Expedition led by Otto Nordenskiöld his ship Antarctic was crushed and sunk by the ice off the coast of the island. A stone hut built in February 1903 by shipwreck survivors, together with the grave of an expedition member, and the cairn built on the highest point of the island to draw the attention of rescuers, have been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 41), following a proposal by Argentina and the United Kingdom to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. The shipwrecked crew of the Endurance original plan was to travel to the island and use stores there that were left by the above Swedish Expedition but the ice pack that they were stranded on eventually drifted too far east.</p><br>
<h2>Important Bird Area</h2><br>
<p>The island has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports a very large breeding colony of about 100,000 pairs of Adélie penguins. Other birds known to nest on the island include imperial shags, snow petrels and kelp gulls.</p><br>
<p>The River Rhondda  is a river in the Rhondda Valley, South Wales which has two major tributaries; the Rhondda Fawr  and the Rhondda Fach .</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The river has two major tributaries: the Rhondda Fawr and the Rhondda Fach (respectively, the "big" and "little" Rhondda). Despite these names, both tributaries are of similar length. Both valleys display the U-shape cross-sections typical of glaciated valleys, having been eroded during successive ice ages. They cut deeply into the thick South Wales Coal measures which comprise sandstones and mudstones and coal seams of Carboniferous age. The whole form of the river and its surrounding urbanisation has been dominated by coal mining and the communities that grew up to exploit the rich coal seams. Much of the valley has suffered severe subsidence because of the removal of coal from beneath the valley floor. The houses and streets have subsided with the result that river levels are, in parts, higher than the surrounding houses. In order to contain the river and prevent flooding, walls have been built, sometimes across the ends of streets - these are known as The Rhondda walls.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Rhondda Fawr has its source on the eastern side of Craig y Llyn south of Llyn Fawr in a spring called Ffynnon y Gwalciau at an elevation of about 544m OD. The main head stream, Nant Carn Moesen (or Nant Carfoesen) runs down a plateau slope for about a mile and drops steeply, joining with the Nant Garreg-lwyd and the Nant Melyn to form the Rhondda. The combined waters then continue descending sharply through a mountain gorge to the foot of Pen Pych. The river runs through Blaenrhondda where it is joined by the Nant y Gwair via a classic example of a hanging valley, and runs down the Rhondda Valley, (Cwm Rhondda). The river then passes through a string of mining towns and villages including Treherbert, Treorchy, Pentre, Ton Pentre, Ystrad Rhondda, Llwynypia, Tonypandy, Dinas, Porth and Trehafod before finally reaching its confluence with the River Taff at Pontypridd.</p><br>
<p>The Rhondda Fach rises about a mile to the east of the source of the Rhondda Fawr on the hills above Blaenrhondda in a marshy area between Mynydd Beili Glas and Mynydd Bwllfa at an elevation of about 489m OD. The fledgling river is first contained in the Lluest-wen Reservoir before flowing down into Maerdy and then on through Ferndale, Tylorstown, and Ynyshir before joing its sister tributary at Porth.</p><br>
<h2>Improving water quality</h2><br>
<p>The mining industry had a catastrophic impact on the quality of the river with all the mine waters being pumped straight into the river with no treatment. For very long periods, probably more than a century, the river was continuously black with coal solids and little if anything could live in the river. This was compounded by the very basic sewage disposal arrangements which saw all the sewage discharged into the same river. Not until the 1970s was there real investment made in improving the sewage treatment arrangements.</p><br>
<p>Since the early 1970s the river has been steadily improving in quality largely due to the closure of all the coal mines and through the investment in sewerage and sewage treatment.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Haverstraw Bay, located in New York, is the widest portion of the Hudson River. The width of Haverstraw Bay is approximately 3.4 miles . The length approximately 5 miles  from river kilometer 58  at Croton Point to river kilometer 66  at Stony Point. The bay is bordered by the village of Haverstraw, in Rockland County, to the west and the village of Croton-on-Hudson, in Westchester County, to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Haverstraw Bay is bordered to the west by the town and village of Haverstraw and to the east by the northern portion of the town of Ossining, village of Croton-on-Hudson and the southern portion of the town of Cortlandt. Haverstraw Bay is approximately 35 miles (56 kilometers) to the north of New York City. A major feature of the bay is the large peninsula that forms its southern downstream border, Croton Point, which juts almost halfway across the Hudson from the eastern shore. is a popular birding location, including frequent sightings of the bald eagle. The moderately saline bay is the northern, upstream boundary of the lower Hudson River estuary.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The bays physical and biological characteristics make it one of the most significant estuarine areas in the Hudson River. The bay is deeper on its western side with a shipping channel of minimum 32 feet in depth and 300 feet in width. The bays eastern side is shallower with most of that section of bay not more than 10 feet deep. Shallow depths with ample sunlight lead to robust aquatic vegetation. Inflows of brackish Atlantic Ocean water overlaid with fresh stream water promote a nutrient rich environment for myriad invertebrate, fish, and bird species. The bays ecology plays a central role in the health of fish populations in the Hudson River, including the endangered shortnose sturgeon and the larger, more abundant atlantic sturgeon. New York State has designated Haverstraw Bay a "Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife Habitat". Up to the mid-1950s, Haverstraw Bay was once a productive oyster habitat. As with the rest of the Hudson, at the microbial level the bays health is by oxygen concentrations. The bay&#39;s water chemistry is affected rain fall, tidal variations, and human induced waste and runoff, as well as seasonal changes in temperature and light.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1609, the Dutch East India Company had financed English navigator Henry Hudson to search for the Northwest Passage. In an attempt to find this undiscovered route, Henry Hudson decided to sail his ship up the river that would later be named after him (Hudson River). As he continued up the river, its width expanded, into Haverstraw Bay, leading him to believe he had successfully reached the Northwest Passage. He docked his ship on the western shore of Haverstraw Bay and claimed the territory as the first Dutch settlement in North America.</p><br>
<p>In 1780, spy Major John André landed at Snedeker&#39;s Landing (a.k.a. Waldberg Landing) on the west shore of the bay in the woods below Haverstraw village to meet Benedict Arnold.</p><br>
<p>In 1801, Charles Willson Peale traveled up the Hudson and Stony Point from the bay.</p><br>
<p>The bay appears in the 1975 James Lincoln Collier and Christopher Collier novel, My Brother Sam Is Dead.</p><br>
<p>The bay is currently traversed by NY Waterway&#39;s Haverstraw–Ossining Ferry.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<h3>Landmarks and places of Interest</h3><br>
<p>Rockland County September 11 Memorial at Haverstraw Bay Park.</p><br>
<p>Tell Leilan is an archaeological site situated near the Wadi Jarrah in the Khabur River basin in Al-Hasakah Governorate, northeastern Syria, a region formerly a part of ancient Assyria. The site has been occupied since the 5th millennium BC. During the late third millennium, the site was known as Shekhna. Around 1800 BC, the site was renamed "Shubat-Enlil" by the Assyrian king, Shamshi-Adad I and it became the capital of Assyria in northern Mesopotamia. Shubat-Enlil was abandoned around 1700 BC.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The site is located close to some other flourishing cities of the time. Hamoukar is about 50 km away to the southeast. Tell Brak is about 50 km away to the southwest, and also in the Khabur River basin. Tell Mozan (Urkesh) is about 50 km to the west.</p><br>
<p>Leilan, Brak and Urkesh were particularly prominent during the Akkadian period.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city originated around 5000 BC as a small farming village and grew to be a large city ca. 2600 BC, three hundred years before the Akkadian Empire. A 3-foot layer of sediment at Tell Leilan containing no evidence of human habitation offered clues as to the cause of the demise of the Akkadian imperial city; analysis indicated that at around 2200 BC, a three-century drought was severe enough to affect agriculture and settlement.</p><br>
<h3>Shubat-Enlil</h3><br>
<p>The conquest of the region by Shamshi-Adad I (1813–1781 BC) of Assyria revived the abandoned site of Tell Leilan. Shamshi-Adad saw the great potential in the rich agricultural production of the region and made it the capital city of his empire. He renamed it from Shehna to Shubat-Enlil, or Šubat-Enlil, meaning "the residence of the god Enlil" in the Akkadian language. In the city a royal palace was built and a temple acropolis to which a straight paved street led from the city gate. There was also a planned residential area and the entire city was enclosed by a wall. The city size was about 90 hectare. Shubat-Enlil may have had a population of 20,000 people at its peak. After the death of Shamsh-Adad, the city became the capital of Apum and prospered until king Samsu-iluna of Babylon sacked it in 1726 BC in an attempt to maintain Babylonia&#39;s failing influence over Assyria. The Babylonians were defeated driven out of Assyria by the Assyrian king Adasi, however Shubat-Enlil was never reoccupied and the Assyrian capital was transferred to its traditional home in Aššur.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The mound of Tell Leilan is being excavated by a team of archaeologists from Yale University. The excavation started in 1979 led by Harvey Weiss and the study of the site and the region is continuing. Among many important discoveries at Tell Leilan is an archive of 1100 cuneiform clay tablets maintained by the rulers of the city. These tablets date to the eighteenth century BC and record the dealings with other Mesopotamian states and how the city administration worked. Finds from the excavations at Tell Leilan are on display in the Deir ez-Zor Museum.</p><br>
<p>Slipdown Mountain is a summit in Parker County, Texas. It is located just east of the Advance Community , and along with Slipdown Bluff is the highest point in Parker County, and also the highest point within the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex. The "mountain" is beside Slip Down Road, and has a steep limestone cliff on the west side.</p><br>
<p>In the History of Parker County, Eunice Boley Harris mentions Slipdown Mountain in her article about the Advance Community:</p><br>
<p>"We also had a fun spot near Advance called Slip Down Mountain. Young and old alike met there for baseball, Easter egg hunts, wiener roasts, picnics, and dinner on the ground."</p><br>
<p>The first white settlers to the area arrived in the early 1850s. James Lanman settled the Western flank, William H Dunison to the South, and Thomas Sullivan to the Southeast.</p><br>
<p>At this time this was still Comanche country and accounts of early Indian raids can be found in the book A Cry Unheard. by Doyle Marshall and in the History of Parker County and the Double Log Cabin by G.A. Holland. One such raid, the Sullivan-Blackwell attack, took place in 1866. Six-year-old Thomas Sullivan Jr. and cousin Fremont Blackwell, seven, were taken captive. Thommy was later killed but Fremont lived with the Indians for over a year before being ransomed. An account of this raid by Fremont’s younger brother Benjamin can be found on the Oklahoma Gen Web site.</p><br>
<p>One of the theories as to the name “Slipdown Mountain” comes from this period. Today the area is covered with live oaks and cedars, but in 1850 this area was grassland prairie and one could see for miles in every direction. The Comanches could use this high ground as a vantage point to observe the settlers and then “slip down” into the homesteads on their night time raids.</p><br>
<p>In 1856 the State of Texas granted a railroad right-of-way to the Memphis, El Paso and Pacific RR which was later bought by the Texas & Pacific RR. The survey for the right-of-way was done in 1861 and all land not already homesteaded was sectioned off and became part of the RR reserve and the Texas Permanent School Fund. Then in 1889 A.J Stratton bought the high point and surrounding land from the School Fund for $3/ acre. A J’s son George was one of the founders of the nearby town of Advance one mile to the West. The thriving town had a general store, two gins, a public school, and churches that were active until after World War II. Today nothing remains of the town but the place name.</p><br>
<p>The John Cabot House is a historic house at 117 Cabot Street in downtown Beverly, Massachusetts. Built in 1781 by a prominent local businessman and ship owner, it was the town&#39;s first brick mansion house. It is now owned by Historic Beverly and open to the public five days a week. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The John Cabot House is located in Beverly&#39;s downtown business district, on the east side of Cabot Street (its major thoroughfare) between Central Street and Franklin Place. It is a three story timber-framed structure, its exterior clad in red brick and capped by a truncated hip roof. The main facade is five bays wide, with windows set in rectangular openings with splayed soldier brick headers. Projecting brick courses separate the floors, and the third-floor windows are smaller in height, and butt against the elaborate dentillated roof cornice. The main entrance projects slightly in a surround that includes sidelight windows, pilasters, and a corniced entablature. The interior has a typical central stair plan, and retains most of its original woodwork, which is in a heavy late Georgian style.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1781, and was the first brick mansion in Beverly. It was built for shipowner and privateer Capt. John Cabot (b. 1745 in Salem to Joseph Cabot and Elizabeth Higginson). Cabot was prominent in the towns economy, having also cofounded the Beverly Cotton Manufactory, Americas first cotton mill.</p><br>
<p>In 1802, the house became the first office of the Beverly Bank, the tenth oldest bank in America, with Capt. John Cabot serving as one of seven original directors. At that time, it was extended to the rear by a two-story wood-frame addition.</p><br>
<p>In addition to period rooms, the John Cabot House features maritime, military, and childrens exhibits as well as major changing exhibits. Historic Beverlys research facilities are also located here.</p><br>
<p>Mount POW/MIA is a mountain in the USA state of Alaska that has been dedicated to all the soldiers that are or have been given the status of Prisoner of War or Missing in Action . The mountain is just north of Eklutna Lake and is west of Twin peaks and Bull Peak, six miles southeast of Wasilla in Chugach State Park.</p><br>
<p>This mountain was recently named by the efforts of John Morrissey, a Vietnam veteran from Patterson, New York. Morrissey, with the help of veterans advocate Leo Kaye, pressed the USGS to recognize the mountain as a monument for all American soldiers that have been prisoners of war (POW) or missing in action (MIA) in Americas past and future conflicts. At this time there are over 800,000 soldiers still classified as POW/MIA. The two veterans mission was completed on Veterans Day 1999 with the official naming of the mountain. John Morrissey died in New York September 19, 2007. His ashes were placed to rest on the mountain on June 17, 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>The first ascent by Colony JROTC was in May 1999. The mountain was formally named by USGS in 1999 and is currently the highest, largest natural "Living Monument" in the world.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is easily seen from the Alaska Veterans Wall in Palmer, Alaska located next to the Glenn Highway/Parks Highway Interchange and from American Legion Susitna Valley Post 35, Parks Highway Mile 46. The hike is moderate and can be done within one day, but is best done between May and August. Early in the season a climber can glissade a snow field between 250 and 500 ft long. There is no actual trail, hikers can follow a topo map.</p><br>
<p>Barking was a local government district, and later civil parish and borough, in southwest Essex, England from 1882 to 1965. It was known as Barking Town from 1882 to 1931. The district included the town of Barking, eastern Beckton and the southwestern part of the Becontree estate. The district was within the Metropolitan Police District and experienced a steady increase in population during its existence. It now forms the western part of the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham and the eastern extremity of the London Borough of Newham in Greater London.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The ancient parish of Barking covered an area of 12,307 acres in the Becontree hundred. The parish was the largest in Essex in terms of area and was divided into the four wards of Town, Ripple, Great Ilford and Chadwell. The Town ward covered land immediately to the east and west of the River Roding and the Ripple ward stretched from Longbridge Road in the north to the River Thames in the south taking in Creekmouth and the western part of the modern estate of Becontree. Chadwell ward was immediately to the northeast including Goodmayes, part of Chadwell Heath and Little Heath. Great Ilford was to the northwest and included the modern areas of Barkingside, Clayhall, Gants Hill, Ilford, Redbridge and Seven Kings.</p><br>
<h2>Formation</h2><br>
<p>A local board was formed for Town ward in 1882 and was extended to cover Ripple ward in 1885. In 1888 Barking parish was reduced in size, to match the area of the local board, as the Chadwell and Great Ilford wards formed a new parish of Ilford. In 1894 the area of the local board became the Barking Town urban district of Essex, as part of the Local Government Act 1894, and the Ilford parish became the Ilford Urban District.</p><br>
<h2>District and borough</h2><br>
<p>The district gained the status of municipal borough in 1931 and was renamed Barking. The borough ran its own tram services, Barking Town Urban District Council Light Railways, until they became the responsibility of the London Passenger Transport Board in 1933. The borough bordered East Ham to the west, Ilford to the north and Dagenham to the east. In the south the borough bordered the River Thames, with the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich in the County of London to the south. There was also a land boundary as the eastern part of the North Woolwich exclave was surrounded by Barking on three sides.</p><br>
<h2>Abolition</h2><br>
<p>Since the building of the Becontree estate in the 1920s across the three districts of Ilford, Barking and Dagenham, there had been periodic discussion and review of the local government arrangements in the area. The districts were all considered to form part of the Greater London conurbation and in 1957 formed part of the review area of the Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London. The 1960 report of the commission recommended the union of Barking and Dagenham as a single London borough. Following the review, in 1965 the London Government Act 1963 abolished the municipal boroughs of Barking and Dagenham, and transferred their former area from Essex to Greater London, to form the London Borough of Barking. The section of Barking west of the River Roding around Beckton became part of the London Borough of Newham.</p><br>
<p>Coronation Island is the largest of the South Orkney Islands, 25 nmi long and from 3 to 8 nmi wide. The island extends in a general east-west direction, is mainly ice-covered and comprises numerous bays, glaciers and peaks, the highest rising to 1,265 m.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was discovered in December 1821, in the course of the joint cruise by Captain Nathaniel Palmer, an American sealer, and Captain George Powell, a British sealer. Powell named the island in honour of the coronation of George IV, who had become king of the United Kingdom in 1820.</p><br>
<h2>Antarctic Specially Protected Area</h2><br>
<p>An area of some 92 km of north-central Coronation Island has been designated an Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA 114), mainly for use as a relatively pristine reference site for use in comparative studies with more heavily impacted sites. It extends northwards from Brisbane Heights and Wave Peak in the central mountains to the coast between Conception Point in the west to Foul Point in the east. Most of the land in the site is covered by glacial ice, with small areas of ice-free terrain along the coast. Birds known to breed within the site include chinstrap penguins, Cape petrels and snow petrels.</p><br>
<p>Blake Fell is a hill in the Western part of the English Lake District. It is the highest point of the Loweswater Fells, an area of low grassy hills with steep sides overlooking the lake of Loweswater. The fell also overlooks the village of Loweswater, from which it can be climbed. An alternative route is from the Cogra Moss reservoir on its western slopes. Because the Loweswater Fells are a separate geographical unit, Blake Fell is a Marilyn. It is located in the Parish of Lamplugh.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north east and Wasdale to the south east. Westwards the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horseshoe around this long wild valley. Blake Fell and the other Loweswater Fells form the extremity of the northern arm.</p><br>
<p>The Loweswater Fells have been compared to the digits of a hand, radiating out south westward from the "palm" centred on Loweswater village. From the west these are Burnbank Fell, Blake Fell, Gavel Fell, Hen Comb and Mellbreak, the "thumb".</p><br>
<p>Blake Fell is the highest hill in this group, the summit area being a long ridge running southwest along the "finger". This begins above the shore of Loweswater, rising steeply through the mixed forestry of Holme Wood to the craggy height of Loweswater End. Atop the rise is Carling Knott (1,784 ft), the north eastern summit. The ridge then dips slightly, the landscape changing from rock outcrop to grass, before the final ascent to Blake Fell. A transverse ridge now connects northwards to Burnbank Fell, in truth an outlier of Blake Fell, but given separate status by Alfred Wainwright in his influential Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells. Southward is the narrow grassy col of Fothergill Head, providing a much more tenuous link to Gavel Fell. The western slopes are heavily wooded with conifers and contoured by forest roads.</p><br>
<p>In addition to Carling Knott, Blake Fell has a number of other subsidiary tops. Descending south west from the summit are High Pen (1,558 ft), Low Pen (1,427 ft), Godworth (1,197 ft) and Kelton Fell (1,020 ft). Beyond lie the Croasdale road and the West Cumberland plain. Standing aloof from these tops, but still within Blake Fell&#39;s orbit, is Knock Murton (1,467 ft). This is a steep sided fell, forested on the western flank and with sufficient prominence that it is only barely excluded from the list of Marilyns in its own right. Blake Fell also extends a western ridge over the prominent top of Sharp Knott (1,581 ft) and the wooded High Howes (1,027 ft), falling gently to the village of Lamplugh. These tops are recognised in some guidebooks.</p><br>
<p>Drainage from the western slopes flows via Sharp Knott Gill and Fother Gill to Cogra Moss. This is a reservoir sitting in the deep valley between Blake Fell and Knock Murton, a reed rimmed waterbody held back by a substantial dam at the western end. Also known as Arlecdon Reservoir, it has a depth of around 30 feet. The waters from this flank of the fell join the River Marron and ultimately the Derwent. The eastern face of Blake Fell flows either to Loweswater or to its outfall, ensuring that all of the drainage eventually runs to the River Derwent.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Blake Fell is representative of the Kirkstile Formation, laminated mudstone and siltstone typical of the Skiddaw fells. The rougher terrain of Carling Knott is an outcropping of the underlying Loweswater Formation, composed of greywacke sandstone turbidities.</p><br>
<p>Knock Murton and Kelton Fell bear the scars of mining activity, having been the site of extensive haematite workings. Between 1853 and their closure in 1914 these mines produced anything up to 60,000 tons of ore per year. A railway, the Rowrah and Kelton Fell Line, was built up the valley between the two hills, the line of which can still be traced. A further working, the Croasdale Iron Mine, operated to the south of Kelton Fell.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit is a grassy dome decorated with a large cairn, the meeting point of paths from the various ridges. Westwards there is no higher ground to interrupt the sea view. To the east is a fine array of hills stretching from Binsey in the north to Grike in the south. The North Western Fells across Crummock Water are particularly fine, although much better seen from Loweswater End.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>From Loweswater village a direct line can be taken up Carling Knott, or a more southerly approach made via High Nook Beck. From the west, Lamplugh or Felldyke provide good access, lying at either end of a network of footpaths. These connect to the track alongside Cogra Moss which can be used to gain the high ground via Low Pen. Knock Murton can also be ascended from the head of the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Excelsior Geyser Crater, formerly known as Excelsior Geyser, is a hot spring in the Midway Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Excelsior was named by the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Excelsior Geyser pool discharges 4,000 to 4,500 gallons (15,100–17,000 l) of 199 &deg;F water per minute directly into the Firehole River. In the late 19th century (there was possibly some activity in 1901 too), it was an active geyser that erupted frequently. Most eruptions were about 100 feet high, although some exceeded 300 ft in both height and width. It is believed that the powerful eruptions damaged its internal plumbing system, and it now boils as a productive hot spring most of the time.</p><br>
<h2>Activity</h2><br>
<p>In 1985, Excelsior returned to activity for a 46-hour period from September 14 to 16. These eruptions were relatively small at 30 ft but a few were as much as 80 ft tall and 100 feet wide. All of these eruptions lasted about 2 minutes at intervals of 5 to 66 minutes.</p><br>
<p>In the mid first decade of the 21st century Excelsior did have violent boiling strong enough to be considered as eruptions, the boiling reached between 5 to 10 ft and had a duration of seconds.</p><br>
<p>Pump Geyser is a cone geyser located in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park. It is in the Geyser Hill Complex which includes Aurum Geyser, Beehive Geyser, Big Cub Geyser. Doublet Pool, Giantess Geyser and Lion Geyser, among others.</p><br>
<p>Pump Geyser erupts almost constantly making splashes 2 to 3 feet high, and thumps without an apparent interval, though there are less productive periods. Then, in 1990, Pump became a true geyser, with intervals and durations of a few seconds. A small boil builds up to a heavy doming of the water which triggers bursting eruptions that spray water up to 15 feet high. After a few seconds of this, the activity dies down to a mere simmer, but, after a pause of a few seconds, the cycle starts anew.</p><br>
<p>It was most likely named by Frank Jay Haynes, the park photographer from 1883 to 1916. It gets its name because its constant eruptions make a sound similar to that of old style mechanical pump. It may have also been confused for a different geyser called the Pump, when the other one went extinct.</p><br>
<p>Pump Geyser could have a connection with Sponge Geyser, but it has not been proven. While Sponge fills up, Pump is strangely quiet. Then, when Sponge drains, after a few seconds, Pump begins spurting again. Although a connection is very likely, it has not been further studied.</p><br>
<p>The Wrigley Mansion in Phoenix, Arizona, is a landmark building constructed between 1929 and 1931 by chewing-gum magnate William Wrigley Jr.</p><br>
<p>It is also known as William Wrigley Jr. Winter Cottage and as La Colina Solana.</p><br>
<p>Located at 2501 East Telewa Trail, it sits atop a 100 ft knoll with views of greater Phoenix to the south, close to the Arizona Biltmore Hotel, which Wrigley owned.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Architect Earl Heitschmidt of Los Angeles designed the home at a cost of $1.2 million, in a combination of styles including Spanish Colonial. It has 24 rooms, 12 bathrooms, and over 16,000 ft&sup2;. Much of the extensive tilework was shipped to Phoenix from Wrigley&#39;s own factory in Catalina, hauled by mule to the site.</p><br>
<p>The Wrigleys maintained other residences in Chicago; Philadelphia; Lake Geneva, Wisconsin; Catalina Island; and Pasadena, and used this, the smallest of their houses, for only a few weeks a year. William Wrigley died in 1932, shortly after its completion.</p><br>
<p>In July 1992, Geordie Hormel bought the mansion and made it available for meetings, conventions and similar functions. Due to zoning regulation, The Wrigley Mansion must operate as a private club.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark designations</h2><br>
<p>The Wrigley Mansion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The mansion has been designated as a Phoenix Point of Pride.</p><br>
<p>The mansion has been Winner of The Knot Weddings for 2011, 2009, and 2008.</p><br>
<p>Ukerewe District is one of the eight districts of the Mwanza Region of Tanzania. It is located on Ukerewe Island, Ukara Island and other neighbouring islands within Lake Victoria. The largest settlement and the district&#39;s administrative capital is Nansio., the population of Ukerewe District was 261,944. By 2012, the official population of Ukerewe District was 345,147.</p><br>
<p>There is a small hotel and a guest house on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Administrative subdivisions</h2><br>
<h3>Constituencies</h3><br>
<p>For parliamentary elections, Tanzania is divided into constituencies. As of the 2010 elections Ukerewe District had one constituency:</p><br>
<p>Ukerewe Constituency</p><br>
<h3>Divisions</h3><br>
<p>Ukerewe District is administratively divided into divisions.</p><br>
<h3>Wards</h3><br>
<p>Church Ope Cove is a small secluded beach on the sheltered eastern side of the Isle of Portland in Dorset, southern England. It is found close to the village of Wakeham. The beach has many unusual features for the Isle of Portland. The beach used to be sandy, but quarry debris now covers the sand, and has been worn into rounded pebbles. The pebbles cover a small stream which runs to the sea, which is one of the few active streams remaining on the Isle of Portland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 789 AD, the first recorded Viking attack within British Isles, including Ireland, occurred on Portlands coast. It is believed that Church Ope Cove was the location. The exposed location was later defended by the Norman 12th-century Rufus Castle, built on the cliff-top overlooking the beach. The remaining castle seen today dates from the late 15th-century. The coves area was also used for the building of Portland&#39;s first parish church, St Andrews Church, which was probably first established above the cove by the Saxons.</p><br>
<p>Between 1797-1800, John Penn, Governor of Portland and grandson of William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, had the Gothic revival mansion Pennsylvania Castle built on a platform above the cove. During the early 19th-century he had a bath built below the gardens of his castle, known as John Penns Bath. However, when it was completed, the Court Leet demanded an annual rent for its use after it was built on Common Land. Penn refused to pay, and the bath was abandoned, with the remains still in existence today. Penns servants would have been tasked with bringing water up from the cove to the bath.</p><br>
<p>Portland had a large history of smuggling, and Church Ope Cove was one of the famous smuggling beaches. Into the 20th-century, fishing was still an industry that used the beach for the launching of boats. For decades, an old rusting hand winch has been left lying on the beach, and is a reminder of the fishing trade. As part of the anti-invasion measures during World War II, two pillboxes were constructed to look over Church Ope Cove. A minefield was also placed at the back of the cove.</p><br>
<h2>Beach</h2><br>
<p>The beach is one of the few beaches on Portland, and due to having cliffs on three sides, is often sheltered from prevailing wind. As the fishing industry declined, the cove became a favourite sheltered beach for swimming and today continues to be popular for fishing, snorkelling and swimming. The beach provides diving access to the numerous wrecks in the surrounding waters too, which has made it a popular area for diving too.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>To access the beach there are two paths. The main path follows the road past Portland Museum and leads under the arch bridge of Rufus Castle, then down concrete steps to the cove. These were laid out by the local council in 1906, at a time when the beach was becoming increasingly popular as a recreational area. The view point above the steps, looking down on the cove, is part of the coastal path. The other path runs through a small area of woodland around the outside of Pennsylvania Castle, and passes through the ruins of St Andrews Church (close to John Penns Bath), before linking up over midway down the concrete steps to the cove.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Jurassic Coast stretches over a distance of 155 km, from Orcombe Point near Exmouth, in the west, to Old Harry Rocks on the Isle of Purbeck, in the east</p><br>
<p>. The coastal exposures along the coastline provide a continuous sequence of Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous rock formations spanning approximately 185 million years of the Earth&#39;s history. The localities along the Jurassic Coast includes a large range of important fossil zones.</p><br>
<p>The Benicia Arsenal  and Benicia Barracks  were part of a large military reservation located next to Suisun Bay in Benicia, California. For over 100 years, the arsenal was the primary US Army Ordnance facility for the West Coast of the United States.</p><br>
<p>In 1847 a 252 acre parcel of land adjoining the Benicia city limits on the east was acquired for a military reserve. First occupation of the post was on April 9, 1849, when two companies of the 2nd Infantry Regiment set up camp to establish Benicia Barracks, which also housed the 3rd Artillery Regiment. In 1851, after the urging of General Persifor F. Smith, the first Ordnance Supply Depot in the West was established in Benicia. In 1852 it was designated Benicia Arsenal. Notable military personnel who were stationed there during this time include Ulysses Grant, Edward Ord, and Joseph Hooker, among others.</p><br>
<p>The grounds of the Benicia Arsenal are also famous for stabling one of the elements of the Army&#39;s Camel Corps. The short-lived Camel Corps was disbanded in 1863, but the Camel Barns, built in 1855, remain and are now the Benicia Historical Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Benicia Arsenal was a staging area during the Civil War for Union troops from the West, and the installation remained a garrisoned post until 1898 when troops were assigned to duty in the Philippines during the Spanish–American War. During World War I, the Benicia Arsenal gave ordnance support to all large Army installations in the Western States as well as supplying Ordnance material to American expeditionary forces in Siberia.</p><br>
<p>In the 24 hours following the Pearl Harbor bombing, 125 separate truck convoys were loaded and dispatched from the Benicia Arsenal, leaving its stock of ammunition, small arms, and high explosives completely exhausted. Throughout the war, the arsenal supplied ports with weapons, artillery, parts, supplies, and tools. In addition, the arsenal overhauled 14,343 pairs of binoculars, manufactured 180,000 small items for tanks and weapons, and repaired approximately 70,000 watches. However, the arsenal is most famous for supplying munitions to Lieutenant Colonel Jimmy Doolittle for the first bombing raid on Tokyo on April 18, 1942, launched from the USS Hornet.</p><br>
<p>Prior to 1940, the arsenal employed 85 civilian employees; by October 1942, the payroll had reached 4,545. The labor shortage in 1944 forced the arsenal commander to put 250 Italian and 400 German prisoners of war to work, alongside 150 juveniles from the California Youth Authority. Women comprised nearly half the civilian employee force. During the Korean War, the number of civilians reached an all-time high of 6,700 workers.</p><br>
<p>The Benicia Arsenal was deactivated in 1963, and the facility was closed in 1964. The arsenal has been redeveloped as work and sales space for artists and artisans.</p><br>
<p>Medal of Honor recipient John H. Foley is buried in the arsenal&#39;s cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Chapman&#39;s Peak Drive</p><br>
<p>Chapman&#39;s Peak is the name of a mountain on the western side of the Cape Peninsula, between Hout Bay and Noordhoek in Cape Town, South Africa. The western flank of the mountain falls sharply for hundreds of metres into the Atlantic Ocean, and a spectacular road, known as Chapman&#39;s Peak Drive, hugs the near-vertical face of the mountain, linking Hout Bay to Noordhoek.</p><br>
<p>Chapmans Peak Drive is part of the route of two of South Africas biggest mass-participation races, the Cape Argus Cycle Race and the Two Oceans Marathon.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Chapmans Peak is named after John Chapman, the pilot of an English ship becalmed in todays Hout Bay in 1607. The skipper sent his pilot ashore to find provisions, and the name was recorded as Chapman&#39;s Chaunce.</p><br>
<p>Chapman&#39;s Peak Drive was hacked out of the face of the mountain between 1915 and 1922, and at the time was regarded as a major feat of engineering. The road was closed in the 1990s, after a rockfall caused a death and a subsequent lawsuit, and subsequently reopened after being re-engineered to protect motorists from falling rocks. It was reopened in 2005 as a toll road. The road was again closed for a number of months beginning on 19 June 2008 "as a result of risk areas identified on the mountain above the road".</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The top of Chapman&#39;s Peak consists of flat, sedimentary rocks related to those that form Table Mountain. The base of the mountain, however, consists of Cape Granite and the two formations meet at a geological unconformity that is world-famous amongst earth scientists.</p><br>
<p>Two different endangered vegetation types can be found along this road, and correspond to the two main geological formations. They are Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos and Cape Granite Fynbos and they are both endemic to the city of Cape Town, occurring nowhere else.</p><br>
<p>There is an old, abandoned manganese mine on the northwestern slopes of the peak. The remains of a jetty from which the ore used to be shipped is directly below the workings.</p><br>
<p>The Gihon Spring  or Fountain of the Virgin in the Kidron Valley was the main source of water for the Pool of Siloam in the City of David, the original site of Jerusalem. One of the world&#39;s major intermittent springs&mdash;and a reliable water source that made human settlement possible in ancient Jerusalem&mdash;the spring was not only used for drinking water, but also initially for irrigation of gardens in the adjacent Kidron Valley which provided a food source for the ancient settlement.</p><br>
<p>The spring rises in a cave 20 feet by 7.</p><br>
<p>The spring is under the control of the Israeli settler organization Ir David Foundation ("El&#39;ad"); it is sometimes used by Jewish men as a sort of mikvah.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name Gihon is thought to derive from the Hebrew Giha which means "gushing forth".</p><br>
<p>The name Fountain of the Virgin derives from legend that here Mary washed the swaddling clothes of Jesus.</p><br>
<h2>Water systems</h2><br>
<p>Three main water systems allowed water to be brought from the spring to the city under cover:</p><br>
<p>The Middle Bronze Age channel &ndash; a fairly straight channel dating from the Middle Bronze Age, cut 20 feet into the ground, and then covered with slabs (which themselves were then hidden by foliage). This led from the spring to the Pool of Siloam and was an aqueduct.</p><br>
<p>Warren&#39;s Shaft &ndash; a steep tunnel, dating from slightly later than the Middle Bronze Age channel, leading from the Well Gate at the top of Ophel above Gihon, down to the spring. This passage was for people to collect water from the spring.</p><br>
<p>The Siloam tunnel &ndash; a winding tunnel carved into the rock, leading from the spring to the Pool of Siloam. Dating from the time of Hezekiah or earlier, it was an aqueduct that effectively replaced the Middle Bronze Age channel.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>In 1997, while a visitor centre was being constructed, the spring was discovered to have been heavily fortified with dates then thought to be Middle Bronze Age, when archaeologists unexpectedly uncovered two monumental towers, one protecting the base of Warrens Shaft, and the other protecting the spring itself. Since the area around the site still was inhabited, and hence could not be excavated, it is unknown whether any further fortifications exist (though a further tower to the south of that protecting Warrens Shaft is thought likely).</p><br>
<p>During an archaeological dig in 2009, a fragment of a monumental stone inscription securely dated to the eighth century BC was discovered. Although only fragments of Hebrew lettering survive, the fragment proves that the city had monumental public inscriptions and the corresponding large public buildings in the eighth century.</p><br>
<p>A 2017 study by the Weizmann Institute of Science has redated the constructions, reporting that “Scenarios for the construction of the tower during Middle Bronze Age (MB) and Iron Age II are considered, based on the new 14C data, yielding a series of dates, the latest of which falls in the terminal phases of the 9th century BCE, alongside previous excavation data.” Israel Finkelstein has suggested that the tower could still be Bronze Age but restored in the Iron Age adding that “In any event, a late 9th century date should come as no surprise, as there are other indications for the growth of the city at that time – from the Temple Mount (in my opinion the original location of the mound of Jerusalem) to the south, in the direction of the Gihon spring”.</p><br>
<p>The city government of Jerusalem has proposed to restore the valley floor by removing Palestinian homes in the East Jerusalem neighborhood of Silwan and replacing them with a park called the Garden of the King through which the waters of Gihon could flow south along their ancient course.</p><br>
<p>The Cushing House Museum and Garden , also known as the Caleb Cushing House, is a Federal style mansion with fine garden located at 98 High Street, Newburyport, Massachusetts, United States. It was a home of diplomat Caleb Cushing and is a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The house is a center entrance four-story brick mansion in the Federal style, with center entrance at both the front and sides, and two chimneys at each side. In shape it is a flattened cube, with five windows arranged symmetrically across both front and sides. Its main entry is crowned with a modest fanlight, echoed by a fan-shaped wooden motif atop the window above it. On the grounds, visitors will find a nineteenth-century garden, fruit trees, a privy, cobbled yard and carriage house.</p><br>
<p>Within the house are fine collections of silver, furniture, portraits, clocks, needlework, antique fans, hatboxes, nineteenth century toys, and more from New England and the Orient. The Oriental Room displays early China Trade decorative arts including four Chinese coastal Hong paintings. An extensive clock collection includes examples made by local master clockmakers David Wood and Daniel Balch. In the canopy bedroom stands a carved seventeenth-century Dutch cradle and a three-sided crib. Many oil portrait paintings hang in the house, including a Cecilia Beaux portrait of Margaret Cushing and 1801 paintings by John Brewster, Jr., of Newburyport&#39;s Prince family. The museum also maintains a collection of area maps, photographs, and genealogical references.</p><br>
<p>It is now the home of the Historical Society of Old Newbury and guided tours are offered between May 12 and October 31.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, The house is deemed nationally significant for its association with Cushing, a 19th-century diplomat whose defining achievement was the Treaty of Wanghia, negotiated in 1849 with the Qing dynasty of China. This treaty was the first in which the United States secured equivalent rights to those of traditional colonial powers (in this case, the United Kingdom).</p><br>
<p>The Albis is a chain of hills in the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland, stretching for some 19 km from Sihlbrugg in the south to Waldegg near Zurich in the north. The chain forms, among others, the border between the Affoltern and Horgen districts. The best known point is Uetliberg at 870 m, overlooking the city of Zurich. Other points of interest include the Albishorn  the Bürglen , the Schnabelburg, an observation tower, the Albis Pass, the small town of Buechenegg, and the extensive woods  on both sides of the river Sihl. The Sihl Valley borders the Albis chain on its entire east side. On the west side, the Albis is bordered by various streams  and one lake, the Türlersee.</p><br>
<p>The chain is mostly wooded, but also has extensive fields, often reaching to the summit, some cultivated, some used as pastures for cows or sheep. Being very near Zurich, the area is heavily visited, especially near its northern end, and includes a large number of restaurants along the summit (from Uetliberg to Albishorn), well-maintained trails and dirt roads, a railroad (the Uetlibergbahn) from Zurich, and a cable car (Felseneggbahn) from Adliswil to Felsenegg.</p><br>
<p>The Albis chain was formed as the left moraine of the glacier the bed of which is now the Lake of Zurich. The soil is mostly a conglomerate of gravel, some of it large, and glacial loess. The frequently steep sides of the chain are often subject to small landslides. As a generalization, the eastern side of the chain (overlooking lake Zurich) tends to be steeper than the western side.</p><br>
<p>The hilltops of the Albis provided several good defensive sites, and were the locations of the castles of Uetliberg, Baldern and Schnabelburg, all of which are now ruined or lost.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Uetliberg (also known as ÜetlibergThe spelling used by Swisstopo is Uetliberg and defines the official naming. Historically also Ütliberg, Utliberg, Uto.</p><br>
<p>Pierer&#39;s Universal Lexikon (1864),. Stumpf Chronik (1548),: ütliberg am Albiß.</p><br>
<p>The name is derived from that of the castle formerly near the summit, recorded in 1210 as Uotelenburg (destroyed in 1268). The name of the castle is in turn from an Alemannic personal name in Uotal-; the possible connection to Odilo, Duke of Bavaria (d. 748) specifically is a suggestion due to Josef Siegwart, Die Chorherren- und Chorfrauengemeinschaften in der Deutschprachigen Schweiz vom 6. Jahrhundert bis 1160 (1962), 62f.) is a mountain in the Swiss plateau, part of the Albis chain, rising to 870 m. The mountain offers a panoramic view of the entire city of Zürich and the Lake of Zurich, and lies on the boundary between the city of Zürich and the municipalities of Stallikon and Uitikon. The summit, known as Uto Kulm, is in Stallikon.</p><br>
<p>At the summit, there is the Hotel Uto Kulm, together with two towers. One of these is a look-out tower (access costs, rebuilt 1990), whilst the other is the Uetliberg TV-tower (186 m, rebuilt 1990).</p><br>
<p>The summit is easily accessible by train from Zürich. Uetliberg railway station lies some 812 m from, and 68 m below, the summit of the Uetliberg. It is the terminus of the Uetliberg line, and is linked to Zürich Hauptbahnhof by S-Bahn Zürich service S10. Trains usually run every half-hour, taking 20 minutes.</p><br>
<p>There are numerous walking paths leading up to the top from Albisgüetli, Triemli or Albisrieden with frequent water fountains and camping spots. Uetliberg also has a downhill mountain bike track which starts in the camping area at the top of the mountain and finishes next to Triemli railway station, also served by the S10. A panoramic footpath leads along the crest of the Albis ridge to Felsenegg, from where the Adliswil-Felsenegg cable car connects to Adliswil and the S4 S-Bahn service in the valley below.</p><br>
<p>The Uetliberg gives its name to the Zürich-based Uto section of the Swiss Alpine Club, and to the Uto Peak in the Selkirk Mountains of Canada, which was first climbed by members of the Uto section.</p><br>
<p>The Town River is a river in Plymouth County, Massachusetts. It flows 10.6 mi from the northeast end of Lake Nippenicket in the town of Bridgewater, flowing easterly through West Bridgewater, then south back into Bridgewater where it joins with the Matfield River to form the Taunton River.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>*Lake Nippenicket</p><br>
<p>*Hockomock Swamp</p><br>
<p>*Hockomock River</p><br>
<p>*Onemile Brook</p><br>
<p>*Meadow Brook</p><br>
<p>*South Brook</p><br>
<h2>Crossings</h2><br>
<p>In West Bridgewater</p><br>
<p>*Route 24</p><br>
<p>*Scotland Street</p><br>
<p>*Forest Street</p><br>
<p>*South Street</p><br>
<p>*Arch</p><br>
<p>*South Main Street (Route 28)</p><br>
<p>In Bridgewater</p><br>
<p>*High Street</p><br>
<p>*Oak Street</p><br>
<p>*Railroad</p><br>
<p>*Broad Street (Route 18)</p><br>
<p>*Hayward Street</p><br>
<p>The Nemasket or Namasket River is a small river in southeastern Massachusetts. It flows north 11.2 mi from Assawompset Pond in Lakeville and through Middleborough where it empties into the Taunton River.</p><br>
<p>In Wampanoag Nemasket means Place where the fish are, because it is the largest alewife run on the eastern seaboard. The water is clear and there are several good places to put in, such as Old Bridge Street, Wareham Street and Oliver Mills on U.S. Route 44.</p><br>
<p>The Native American Wampanoag Indians would leave their winter encampments inland and navigate the Taunton River to the Nemasket River in the early spring to take advantage of the alewife run and relocate to their summer encampment on Betty&#39;s Neck on Assawompsett Pond. When Oliver Mills built the factory that spanned the river, it created contention with the Wampanoags by forcing them to portage around the facility.</p><br>
<p>The remnants of Camp Joe Hooker, a training camp for Massachusetts regiments during the American Civil War located on the left side of Staples Shore Road, and the tie-up for the side-paddle wheeler Assawompset can still be seen off the canal that cuts across the right hand side of the marsh between Bridge Street and Vaughn Street. This was a tourist destination (before the dam was erected) for folks that wanted to spend a day on Assawompset Pond.</p><br>
<p>The Satucket River is 5.5 mi river in southeastern Massachusetts within the Taunton River Watershed. It flows generally west from Robbins Pond in East Bridgewater, and into the Matfield River.The Satucket River drains a watershed of 34.9 square miles and 700 acres of natural ponds."Satucket River, East Bridgewater Mass. Fish Passage and Boating Improvement Project". It includes parts of Abington, Whitman, Hanson, East Bridgewater and Halifax. The river is rich with iron and has a tint the color of tea. It’s generally slow moving water and relatively shallow, no more than 8 feet deep even in its deepest spots. It’s fed by the Poor Meadow Brook that takes in the flow of the Shumatuscacant River which drains into Abington and Whitman. Poor Meadow Brook then joins the Satucket just below Robin’s Pond in East Bridgewater."Satucket River, below Robins Pond in East Bridgewater". Robin’s pond, which is another body of water in East Bridgewater, is a 124 acre natural warm water pond. Its predominantly sandy bottom has a fairly uniform 6 foot depth. The pond is mostly still water however it does drain into the Satucket."Robins Pond, East Bridgewater, Plymoth County, Taunton River Watershed". Located above robins pond is stump brook, it drains through Halifax from Monponsett Pond, a 528 acre pond to form Robins Pond which turns into the Satucket River at its outlet.</p><br>
<p>The Satucket River is a very windy river, it never freezes in the winter and is unmaintained which results in many fallen trees, which clog the river and make it hard for the river to be a means of travel. It’s undammed now but had one working dam in the past, provided by the Murray Carver Mill. This small dam co-existed with a water wheel and generated electricity to power the cotton gin. As a result of the unused dam 4.4 miles of the Satucket River up to Robin’s pond are unreachable by the once common river herring and other fish and the river and pond serve as suitable environments for these fish to swim up and spawn."Managing Massachusetts’ River Herring Fishery, Restoring a Historic Source of Plenty".</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>The Satucket rivers tributaries Include:</p><br>
<p>• Poor Meadow Brook</p><br>
<p>• Stoney Brook</p><br>
<p>• Black Brook</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The river drainage from Monponsett to Stump Brook to the Satucket formed a very important water way link of transportation for the Wampanoag’s. It was part of the historic Wampanoag Canoe Passage and was utilized for years."Satucket River and Robbins Pond River Herring Habitat Assessment". By traveling up the Taunton River from Mount Hope Bay they could cross over up the Satucket to the North River watershed into Massachusetts Bay. Later in the early 1900s the river served as an important role in the economy of the town and the Carver Cotton Gin Mill.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The Satucket River is home to many fish including:</p><br>
<p>• Largemouth Bass</p><br>
<p>• Brook Trout</p><br>
<p>• Brown Trout</p><br>
<p>• Sun Fish</p><br>
<p>• Blue Gills</p><br>
<p>• Perch</p><br>
<p>• Catfish</p><br>
<p>• Pickerel</p><br>
<p>The list is very extensive however these are the more common fish. On certain occasions fish have been found to swim upstream from the ocean and stripers have been caught out of this water along otters and many other animals."Satucket River Fishing near East Bridgewater, Massachusetts".</p><br>
<p>The Satucket River is included in the Taunton River Watershed. The Taunton and Nemasket Rivers contain 45 species of fish and support the largest Alewife run in Massachusetts. "Freshwater Quality".</p><br>
<p>In the past the river was rich with Alewives that would travel upstream to spawn in the slow moving waters. Until the 1950s the Satucket had Alewives runs, however due to certain changes in the environment over the years they aren’t found in the Satucket waters anymore. The Wampanoag’s would live off the Alewives as a food source and the river had many fish weirs built to spear fish for this abundant species. Some of these weirs still exist today and are simply miniature dams made of rocks shaped in a V position that face up stream. The Wampanoag’s would wait on the rocks until a fish would swim through. The only opening is at the tip of the V so the fish had to swim through the weir and the Native Americans would spear them.</p><br>
<p>Rowten Pot is one of several entrances into the 27 km long cave system that drains Kingsdale in North Yorkshire, England. Its entrance is a shaft some 27 m long, 10 m wide, and at the southern end 72 m deep.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>A stream enters from just below the surface at the northern end. The cave is largely vertical, but at the bottom the stream flows through a short section of passage into the underground West Kingsdale river. This connects downstream with the Kingsdale Master Cave through three short sumps. Upstream, longer sumps may be followed up the valley for over 1 km, passing below the final pitch of Aquamole Pot.</p><br>
<p>The cave is usually descended using single rope techniques, and is popular with cavers, being spacious and offering a variety of aerial routes.</p><br>
<p>The three short sumps which connect to the Kingsdale Master Cave can be free-dived.</p><br>
<p>The water which descends Rowten Pot sinks 150 m to the west of the pot on the other side of Turbary Road, into a shallow horizontal cave system, known as Rowten Caves.</p><br>
<p>Other nearby caves which also connect to the West Kingsdale System include Swinsto Hole, Simpson Pot, Jingling Pot, Aquamole Pot and Valley Entrance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first description of Rowten Pot appeared in verse in Thomas Dixon&#39;s A Description of the Environs of Ingleborough of 1781:The Routing-Chasm amazing to behold,With dreadful yawn intimidates the bold:The depth unknown, vast, dismal, dark and wide,With rugged pointed rocks on every side;A rapid stream falls in with hideous roar,Growls thro the mountain to some distant shore:Dismay arrests the man that ventures near,His face turns pale, his courage yields to fear.</p><br>
<p>In a guide book published in 1865, there is an account of a Mr. Hunter claiming to have made a complete descent, but the account is exaggerated and bears little resemblance to reality. It is likely, however, that the gully had been descended to the start of the vertical descents. A considered description appears in Balderstones 1890 Ingleton, Bygone and Present, where it was variously given the names of Rowantree Gulf, Rowting Hole, and Rowton Holes. Balderstone also claims to have explored down the gully to a depth of 30 m. It was first fully descended to the sump by a Yorkshire Ramblers Club party in June 1897.</p><br>
<p>It was not linked with Kingsdale Master Cave through the downstream sump, however, until July 1966, shortly after the discovery of the latter.</p><br>
<p>In 1939 the second recorded Yorkshire Dales caving fatality occurred in Rowten Pot. John Lambert initially fell a few feet and was made comfortable on a ledge by his companions. Water levels then rose and he either fell or was washed off down a 15 m drop and died. Such was the effort required to rescue Lambert&#39;s companions, who were trapped by water in the shaft, that the BBC broadcast an appeal for any available potholers to help.</p><br>
<p>The first fatality for the Cave Rescue Organisation on a rescue occurred here in 1986, when Dave Anderson slipped from a traverse into a gully near the bottom of the last pitch when searching for two missing cavers, and drowned under the force of the water.</p><br>
<p>An accident in 1989 involving a threaded and worn out anchor on the entrance shaft which resulted in a broken back, hastened the development and installation of permanent anchors in popular UK caves.</p><br>
<p>Assawompset Pond is a reservoir/pond within the towns of Lakeville and Middleboro, in southeastern Massachusetts. It shares its waters with Long Pond and is openly-connected with Pocksha Pond. These lakes provide a source of drinking water to the city of New Bedford, the largest city in southeastern Massachusetts. At almost four square miles, it is the largest natural lake in Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>It is known in Wampanoag as Place of the White Stones and is host for the largest Alewife (Herring) run in the eastern seaboard. In the early spring the Nemasket River runs black with fish heading for the spawning grounds. The area known as Betty&#39;s Neck was one of the summer encampments for Native Americans who would traverse the Taunton River and Nemasket River to enter the pond. The Nemasket, being known as Where the fish are, explains the significance as a food source.</p><br>
<p>The origins of the King Philips War started with the discovery of John Sassamons body and the subsequent trial of his suspected murderers. His body was slipped under the ice on the pond and found the following spring. The outcome of the trial sparked the beginning of hostilities.</p><br>
<p>The pond was dammed in 1894 at the Nemasket River, which raised the water level about five feet.</p><br>
<p>Little Quittacas Pond is a lake/reservoir/pond within the towns of Lakeville and Rochester, in southeastern Massachusetts. Little Quittacas is one of the five great ponds of Southeastern Massachusetts that includes Long Pond, Assawompset Pond. Pocksha Pond, Great Quitticas and Little Quittacas Ponds.It is the location of the New Bedford Water Works. These lakes provide a source of drinking water to the city of New Bedford, the largest city in southeastern Massachusetts. Snipituit Pond is an outlier pond that flows into Buzzard&#39;s Bay, via the Mattapoisett River and is connected to Great Quittacas through Snipituit Brook. The other great ponds drain into Narragansett Bay through the Taunton River. The five ponds are the largest natural fresh watersheds in Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The Chellah , is a medieval fortified Muslim necropolis located in the metro area of Rabat, Morocco, on the south  side of the Bou Regreg estuary. The Phoenicians established a trading emporium at the site and called it "Sala". This was later the site of the ancient Roman colony of "Sala Colonia", in the Roman province of Mauretania Tingitana.</p><br>
<p>Salā was the name given to the city founded by the Muslim conquerors of North Africa, which was mostly abandoned during the Almohad era, then rebuilt by the Marinids in the 13th century. The ruins of their medieval fortress are still extant.</p><br>
<p>The Berber Almohads used the site as a royal burial ground. The Marinids made the site a holy necropolis, or chellah, and built a complex that included mosque, minaret, and royal tombs. The tall minaret of the now-ruined mosque was built of stone and zellige tilework, and still stands.</p><br>
<p>Contrary to legend, the corsairs of Salé did not actually operate out of Salé (called "Old Salé"), but out of the city that would later become known as Rabat, ("New Salé") on the south (left) bank of the Bou Regreg.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Phoenician and Punic Sala</h3><br>
<p>The Phoenicians founded several colonies in what is now Morocco and built a settlement they called "Sala" on the banks of the Bou Regreg river that their Carthaginian successors occupied as well.</p><br>
<h3>Roman Sala Colonia</h3><br>
<p>The Romans later built their own city, Sala Colonia, very near the same site. The Roman town was referred to as "Sala" by Ptolemy.</p><br>
<p>Excavations show a substantial port city with ruined Roman architectural elements including a decumanus maximus or principal roadway, a forum and a triumphal arch. Sala was a center of Christianity since the 2nd century.</p><br>
<p>One of the two main Roman Roads in Mauretania Tingitana reached the Atlantic through Iulia Constantia Zilil (Asilah), Lixus (Larache) and Sala Colonia. Another may have been built towards the south, from Sala to modern Casablanca, then called Anfa. The Romans had two main naval outposts on the Atlantic coast of the province: Sala Colonia, and Lixus. The port of Sala (now disappeared) was used by commercial Roman ships as a way station on their southwestward passages to Anfa and the Insula Purpuraria (Mogador island).</p><br>
<p>Sala remained linked to the Roman Empire even after the withdrawal in the 4th century of the occupying Roman legions to Tingis and Septem in northern Mauretania Tingitana. A Roman military unit remained there until the end of the 5th century. Archaeological objects of Visigothic and Byzantine origin found in the area attest to the persistence of commercial or political contacts between Sala and Roman Europe, up to the establishment of a Byzantine presence in Berber North Africa during the 7th century.</p><br>
<h3>Muslim Salā</h3><br>
<p>Sala continued to exist as a town of the Christianized Berbers, but was mostly in ruins when the Muslim Arabs arrived in the 7th century. The Byzantine governor of the area, Count Julian of Ceuta, surrendered to Uqba ibn Nafi in 683. Around 1030, the town of Salā was founded at the site by the Banu Ashara family. With the extinction of the Umayyad dynasty in 1031, the Almoravids assumed control of the Maghreb (present-day Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco) and erected new buildings in Salā. They rebuilt the Great Mosque of Salā on the site of the mosque of the Banu Ashara, completing it in 1196.</p><br>
<p>By 1147, the Almoravids had been overthrown by the Berber Almohads, who used the site as a royal burial ground. It was made a sacred necropolis, or chellah, by the Marinids in the 13th century; the Muslim sanctuary complex of mosque, minaret, and royal tombs being built by Abu Yusuf Yaqub, and finished in 1284. His remains were moved to the necropolis after he died at Algeciras in 1286. The tall minaret of the now-ruined mosque was built of stone and zellige tilework, and still stands. Near the minaret is the tomb of the Maranid ruler, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman, known as the Black Sultan.</p><br>
<p>Many of the remaining structures in Chellah were damaged by the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. The site has been converted to a garden and tourist venue, and today it is included in the metropolitan area of Rabat.</p><br>
<h2>Festival of Jazz</h2><br>
<p>Since 2005, the ruins of Chella host an international "Festival of Jazz" each year, called Jazz au Chellah.</p><br>
<h2>World Heritage Status</h2><br>
<p>The site, as part of the metropolitan Rabat, was granted World Heritage Status in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Long Pond is a lake within the towns of Lakeville and Freetown, in southeastern Massachusetts. It shares its waters with Assawompset Pond. These lakes provide a source of drinking water to the city of New Bedford, the largest city in southeastern Massachusetts. Long Pond is roughly one mile wide by four miles long, and contains three islands within its boundaries. In 1894 Assawompset Pond was dammed, increasing the water depth of Long Pond  by about five feet. This created Nelson Island and caused Sunken Island to disappear due to erosion. All that remains of Sunken Island are the rocks in a shallow area just to the northwest of Lewis Island. Lewis Island is the largest of the three remaining islands today, containing sixteen privately owned cottages, while the second largest island, Nelson Island, was purchased in 2005 and now is a year-round private residence. The smallest island, Goat Island, was recently purchased from the Boy Scouts by a private citizen. Along the perimeter of the lake are many homes and private access points to the waterfront. Long Pond is well known for fishing and boating.</p><br>
<p>At the northeast corner of the lake is a canal that meanders through the Parkhurst development and is navigable by boat. There is a small bridge that allows foot and road traffic onto the artificial island. In the northwest corner of the lake is a river that feeds into Assawompset Pond, which winds through the marshland before passing under Route 18 and connecting with Assawompset. It is locally known as the "Snake River," but is also labeled as the Long Pond River on some maps.</p><br>
<h2>Islands</h2><br>
<p>There are three islands on Long Pond. They are listed from the southernmost to the northernmost island.</p><br>
<p>Goat</p><br>
<p>Lewis</p><br>
<p>Nelson</p><br>
<h2>Navigational Hazards</h2><br>
<p>The lake has several potentially hazardous areas for boaters. There is a sand bar that connects Nelson Island to the mainland that varies from about three feet to only inches deep, and is sometimes fully exposed in the mid to late summer. Because of the lake&#39;s shallow depth (on average around nine feet), many large rocks pose serious threats. Not all of these rocks are clearly marked, but most are.</p><br>
<p>The largest of these rocks is known as Acre Rock because of its approximate size. It is flat on its top, lies close to the surface and sits midway between the east and west shores of the pond, approximately 1/4 mile north of Hemlock Point at Long Pond&#39;s southern end. Acre Rock sits approximately at the town line separating Lakeville and Freetown.</p><br>
<p>Another hazard to look out for is Sunken Island. It is located about 100 yards north from the north east corner of Lewis Island. Birds can sometimes been seen resting on these rocks.</p><br>
<p>For a boater inexperienced navigating Long Pond, it is always advisable to remain on the western side of the islands when traveling north or south to avoid the many rocks and sandbars that exist. Also when passing Nelson Island going north or south, always do so in the middle of the channel between the island and shoreline, due to a string of several rocks running north and south off the islands western tip. When entering the lakes southwestern area, to the west of Hemlock Point, avoid the middle of the entrance due to several rocks that are not always marked.</p><br>
<p>Beehive Geyser is a geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. The 4 ft tall cone resembles a beehive. Beehive&#39;s Indicator is a small, jagged cone-type geyser located about 10 ft from Beehive.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On September 18, 1870 the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition entered the Upper Geyser Basin along the Firehole River. During a day and a half of exploration they named seven geysers they observed erupting. The Beehive was one of them. The following is Langford&#39;s description of the Beehive in his 1871 account of the expedition:</p><br>
<p>A hundred yards distant from The Giantess was a silicious cone, very symmetrical but slightly corrugated upon its exterior surface, three feet in height and five feet in diameter at its base, and having an oval orifice twentyfour by thirty-six and one-half inches in diameter, with scalloped edges. Not one of our company supposed that it was a geyser; and among so manywonders it had almost escaped notice. While we were at breakfast upon the morning of our departure a column of water, entirely filling the crater, shot from it, which, by accurate triangular measurement, we found to be two hundred and nineteen feet in height. The stream did not deflect more than four or five degrees from a vertical line, and the eruption lasted eighteen minutes. We named it "The Beehive."</p><br>
<h2>Eruptions</h2><br>
<p>Eruptions of Beehive Geyser last about 5 minutes and are 200 ft high. The fountain maintains its full height for the duration of the eruption, dropping just slightly near the end. A roaring steam phase concludes the eruption and can be heard a quarter-mile away. The interval between eruptions range from 16-18 hours to one day during the summer. Winter eruptions are very erratic. There are occasions in both summer and winter that there are a series of eruptions that are quite regular. These eruptions have an interval of 10 to 20 hours with longer intervals near the end of the series.</p><br>
<p>As of summer 2009 Beehive was having predictable eruptions every 11 to 14 hrs.</p><br>
<h3>Sequence</h3><br>
<p>Near Beehive is a smaller geyser that can often be used as an indicator of a pending eruption of Beehive. This geyser, named Beehive&#39;s Indicator, sends up a 15 to 25 ft fountain between a few seconds and 30 minutes before Beehive erupts, averaging 15 to 20 minutes prior. Once Beehive starts erupting, the Indicator continues to play during part of the Beehive eruption and then stops.</p><br>
<p>For a period of three years in the 1990s, Beehive was dormant. During this time, the Indicator would erupt for extended periods, as long as 60 minutes, with no Beehive eruption.</p><br>
<p>Kentwell Hall is a stately home in Long Melford, Suffolk, England. It includes the hall, outbuildings, a rare-breeds farm and gardens. Most of the current building facade dates from the mid-16th century, but the origins of Kentwell are much earlier, with references in the Domesday Book of 1086.</p><br>
<p>Kentwell has been the background location for numerous film and television productions, and, since 1979, has annually been the scene of Tudor period historical re-enactments. It also hosts Scaresville, an annual Halloween event which won the Best Seasonal or Halloween Event in 2009 at the UK&#39;s annual Screamie Awards.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>The earliest recorded reference to Kentwell is in the Domesday Book of 1086, which states that the manor of Kentwell (along with six others) formed part of the property of Frodo, brother of Abbot Baldwin, of the Abbey of St. Edmund&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>At that time, the manor was called by its old English name of Kanewella. The record in the Domesday Book survey, translated from the original Latin, reads:</p><br>
<p>"In the time of King Edward the Confessor, Algar held Kanewella under Seward, a freeman of Meldon, as a manor containing two carucates of land with Soke. There were thereon at that time 7 villeins, and afterwards, and now 4 velleins. There was then, and subsequently, 1 bordar; now there are 3. There were always 2 ploughs belonging to the demesne. There were then and afterwards 2 ploughs belonging to the Homagers of the manor; there now remains 1. There are 8 acres of mowing meadow. There has always been 1 horse at the Manor house. There were then 5 working oxen; there are now 8. At that time there were 30 swine; there are now 40. Then 80 sheep, now there are 50. At that time and subsequently, this manor was worth 40 shillings; it is now worth £4."</p><br>
<p>Frodo is known to have left at least two sons, Alan and Gilbert, but the documented history of Kentwell is somewhat sparse for the next 300 years. An interpretation of papal tithe records suggests that Kentwell was owned by a person called Galleus from 1145 to 1148; and there are references in Church papers to a "De Kentewell" family, including one Sir Gilbert de Kentewell, in the 13th century.</p><br>
<p>Between the years 1252 and 1272, Kentwell Manor appears to have been granted by King Henry III to Sir William de Valence, who was killed in battle in France in 1296. Kentwell passed to his niece, who married David Strabolgie, Earl of Athol; in 1333 he in turn conveyed the manor to Sir Robert Gower and his heirs. Kentwell passed to Sir Robert Gower&#39;s daughter and afterwards, in 1368, to John Gower, poet, a personal friend of Geoffrey Chaucer.</p><br>
<p>In 1373 Kentwell was acquired by Sir John Cobham and soon afterwards passed to the ownership of the Mylde family.</p><br>
<h3>Clopton family period</h3><br>
<p>Successive generations of Cloptons occupied Kentwell Hall from c1375 when Sir Thomas Clopton married Katherine Mylde, daughter of William Mylde of Clare, Suffolk, then the owner of the estate. The estate, then named Lutons, is included in the will of this Sir Thomas Clopton, dated 8 March 1382. Clopton died the following year. The Cloptons were a respected local family with some family members becoming distinguished nationally in the 15th and 16th centuries. The family is named in the Domesday Book of 1086 as feudatories of the Honor of Clare and various members of the "de Clopton" family appear in church and Abbey records over the following 200 years. The Clopton family transformed the manor into its current recognisable form. Successive members of the family remained at Kentwell until 1661, when the last resident Clopton died there.</p><br>
<p>Constant mention is made of "the Hall" or "the Place of Lutons" in wills and documents of successive Cloptons until 1563, at which point the first references are made to "the new mansion-house of Kentwell Hall". From the evidence of historical records, and from present day evidence, there is a presumption that the Lutons Manor House was located in woodland known as the Pond Plantation, about a quarter-mile north west of the current site. There are references in contemporary records to "Lutons House, near to the Ponds in the Park, where there was a little chapel of Saint Anne". The Chapel of Saint Anne is depicted in maps of the Pond Plantation as late as the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The current Hall was constructed by several generations of the Clopton family. The oldest structure is the Moat House, which is estimated to have been built in the early 15th century. It comprises three levels. The ground floor is divided into three rooms that have been used as a dairy, bakery and brewery. The first floor is divided into a further three rooms; and there are two rooms in the attic space. The available evidence indicates that the Moat House was used during its lifetime as a service wing to the main Hall. However, historians suggest that the Moat House was originally built as a main residence, replacing the earlier house in the Pond Plantation. The construction of the room used as a brewery, in particular, indicates an open hall room, three levels high, with blackened timbers in the pitch of the gables providing evidence of a central hearth with no chimney.</p><br>
<p>The individual who commissioned the building of the Moat House is unknown; but the preferred candidate of many historians is Sir William Clopton, son of Sir Thomas Clopton and Katherine Mylde. He fought at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415 and died in 1446; he is buried in the Kentwell aisle in the nearby Holy Trinity Church where his effigy, in full armour, is displayed.</p><br>
<p>The main house at Kentwell was built in three phases: the main block, initially of two levels; the wings; and finally a third level. The main block was constructed by John Clopton (son of Sir William Clopton) in the late 15th century. The wings were added by his grandson, the third William Clopton, in the 1540s; finally the extra level, including a new long gallery, was added by his son Francis Clopton in the 1560s.</p><br>
<p>The Cloptons also rebuilt the Holy Trinity Church in Long Melford and added numerous stained glass windows portraying the family with brasses to their deceased. They also built the integral Clopton Chapel for private family worship.</p><br>
<h3>17th century</h3><br>
<p>By the early 17th century, the Clopton family was in decline, and Kentwell Hall passed into the stewardship of the Waldegrave and later the Darcy families. Many of the surviving Cloptons joined the Puritan exodus to the North American colonies; one of them, Thomasine Clopton, married John Winthrop, one of the founders of the American city of Boston and the first Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.</p><br>
<p>In 1676, the Manor of Kentwell, along with the accompanying Manor of Monks, Melford, were sold by Sir Thomas Darcy to Thomas Robinson. The recorded price was a total of £242 for 260 acre of land available to the new owner; and a further £518.10s.0d for 1,018 acre of land let to tenants. There is no record of the purchase price for the house.</p><br>
<p>The new owner was a lawyer who was made a baronet by Charles II in 1681. He was responsible for planting the mile-long avenue of lime trees that borders the driveway to the house and which still exists today. Robinson also undertook a number of alterations to the interior, most notably the construction of the open-well staircase in the east wing.</p><br>
<p>Robinson lost his life in 1683 jumping from a window in his chambers in the Temple district of London whilst trying to escape a fire. Kentwell passed to his son, Sir Lumley Robinson, but he died the following year. The third baronet, Sir Thomas Robinson, sold Kentwell in 1685 to pay off gambling debts. The new owners were the heirs of Sir John Moore, formerly the Lord Mayor of London in 1681.</p><br>
<h3>Late 17th century to early 19th century</h3><br>
<p>This period is the least well documented in the recent history of the Kentwell estate. During this period, Kentwell was owned by the heirs of the Moore family, but few details are known.</p><br>
<p>From 1782 to 1823, the owner was Richard Moore and there is evidence of work carried out by him to the interior. There are Georgian features such as dentil cornices, fireplaces and doorways introduced during this period; and the mantlepiece in the Moat Bedroom, in the west wing, is decorated with the coat of arms of the Moore family. Some historians also believe that the Library and the Billiard Room, in the east wing, were created at the same time.</p><br>
<h3>Victorian period</h3><br>
<p>In 1823, Kentwell Hall was purchased by Robert Hart Logan, a Canadian of Scots descent who had made his fortune in the timber trade.</p><br>
<p>Three years later, in 1826, a fire broke out which destroyed much of the central interior, including the dining room and rooms on the garden side of the house. This prompted Logan to commission major structural changes to the interior of the central part of the house. He engaged Thomas Hopper, the noted Victorian architect, to design the changes. Hopper had recently been engaged by Sir William Parker to undertake work at neighbouring Melford Hall.</p><br>
<p>The principal alterations were to the main dining room and the Great Hall. Logan favoured a style that embodied elements of English Jacobean, Scottish Baronial and Gothic, which can still be seen today. In the Great Hall, the original screen and gallery were replaced and the ceiling was reconstructed. The design of the ceiling, copied from a similar room at Audley End in Essex, features hammer beams and wall posts that are coloured to resemble oak but are in fact entirely constructed of plaster. An 18th-century fireplace was retained.</p><br>
<p>The dining rooms design featured Tudor arches in the upper half of the room and Jacobean arches and pilasters in the lower half. A Gothic-style heraldic fireplace and overmantel dominates the north side of the room, sculpted from Italian grey marble, depicting the coats of arms of the Clopton and Logan families. The design is copied from the mediaeval chimneypiece in the Bishops Palace, Exeter, installed c.1485 by Peter Courtenay (d.1492) Bishop of Exeter, a younger son of Sir Philip Courtenay (1404–1463) of Powderham. Another copy made c.1860 exists in the Dining Room of Powderham Castle, Devon.</p><br>
<p>Hopper also undertook alterations to the Library and the Billiard Room in the east wing, including raising the ceiling heights by two feet.</p><br>
<p>Logan died, in debt, in 1839. Kentwell was sold to the Starkie Bence family who continued to occupy or let the house for over a century.</p><br>
<h3>20th century to present day</h3><br>
<p>From 1889, although Kentwell remained in the ownership of the Starkie Bence family, it was let to a succession of tenants. These included Sir John Aird, son of the noted Victorian civil engineer of the same name; solicitor Sir John Norton; the family of racing driver Dick Seaman; and Sir Connop Guthrie, whose wife redesigned the gardens.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the house and park were requisitioned by the military, who used it as a large transit camp. Military units that passed through the camp included British airborne troops and elements of the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division prior to D-Day. The owner of Kentwell Hall, Mrs. Maithal Starkie Bence, occupied rooms in the house at the time.</p><br>
<p>The Starkie Bence family finally sold Kentwell in 1971. The manor house is now owned by Patrick and Judith Phillips, who use the house as their home. Patrick Phillips bought the house in 1971 when it was in an advanced state of disrepair. Since that time, repairs and restorations have been funded by opening the house to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Events and historical re-enactments</h2><br>
<h3>Tudor period</h3><br>
<p>Since 1979, Kentwell Hall has presented Tudor period re-enactment events, portraying scenes of domestic Tudor life. The re-enactments involve up to 350 fully costumed volunteers on any given day and span a three-week period in June and July each year, with smaller events during the rest of the year.</p><br>
<p>Each year is themed around a specific year in the Tudor period, with costumes and events designed accordingly. Particularly significant Tudor years have been portrayed several times, such as 1588 (the Spanish Armada), 1535 (Dissolution of the Monasteries), 1553 (Lady Jane Grey) and 1578 (visit of Queen Elizabeth I to Suffolk).</p><br>
<p>Conversing with visitors to Kentwell, who include large parties of schoolchildren, participants use Tudor speech patterns to interpret their roles and describe to their life in the 16th century. This involves first-person rather than third-person description.</p><br>
<h4>Gallery of Tudor re-enactments</h4><br>
<p>Tudor Shop.jpgBoy working in Tudor shop</p><br>
<p>Tudor Women Talking.jpgTudor Women Talking</p><br>
<h3>World War II</h3><br>
<p>In April 1995, Kentwell Hall presented a World War II re-enactment for the first time. This was timed to coincide with the prelude to the national commemoration of the 50th anniversary of VE Day. The event was designed to recreate the look and feel of wartime Britain, with volunteers representing both military and civilian life. Further World War II events have been presented by Kentwell in the years since.</p><br>
<h3>Victorian</h3><br>
<p>Kentwell Hall has presented Victorian period re-enactment events since 2009. Kentwells Dickensian Christmas events include a representation of a Victorian manor house, including costumed family and servants; readings from A Christmas Carol featuring an actor portraying Charles Dickens with Victorian-style illusions; a Victorian music hall; and Victorian tearooms.</p><br>
<h3>Scaresville</h3><br>
<p>Scaresville is an annual Halloween-themed event presented at Kentwell over a two-week period in October. This event commenced in 2007. In 2009, Scaresville was voted the Best Seasonal or Halloween Event at the UK&#39;s annual Screamie Awards.</p><br>
<h3>Weddings and other events</h3><br>
<p>Kentwell Hall is licensed for civil wedding ceremonies. It also hosts corporate functions, open-air theatre and music concerts at various times of the year.</p><br>
<h3>Film and television location</h3><br>
<p>Kentwell Hall has featured as a location for a number of film and TV productions. Some of the more notable examples include:</p><br>
<h2>Citations</h2><br>
<p>The Lewis Hills is a section of the Long Range Mountains located on the west coast of Newfoundland, along the Gulf of St. Lawrence.</p><br>
<p>An ophiolite and Peridotite complex, the Lewis Hills is the southernmost of four such complexes located within the Humber Arm Allochthon, a world-renowned geological area. It is located in an area stretching between the town of Stephenville in the south and the city of Corner Brook in the north.</p><br>
<p>The Lewis Hills is an excellent backcountry wilderness hiking destination. The most accessible day-hiking route to the Lewis Hills is by the International Appalachian Trail, with the southern trail head located almost at the end of Cold Brook Road, and the northern trail head at the end of Logger School Road</p><br>
<p>At 814 m above sea level, the highest elevation on Newfoundland is The Cabox located in the Lewis Hills at 48&deg;49&prime;59&Prime;N latitude, 58&deg;29&prime;03&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>St. George&#39;s Bay - informally referred to as Bay St. George due to its French translation Baie St-George - is a large Canadian bay in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is located on the west coast of the island of Newfoundland and comprises a sub-basin of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.</p><br>
<p>The bay measures approximately 64 km wide at its mouth, between Cape Anguille in the south, and Cape St. George in the north. Its northern shore measures approximately 60 km in length from the head of the bay at Stephenville Crossing to Cape St. George, located at the western tip of the Port au Port Peninsula. The southern shore measures approximately 100 km from Stephenville Crossing to Cape Anguille.</p><br>
<p>Communities along the shoreline of St. George&#39;s Bay include (from northwest to east to southwest):</p><br>
<p>Cape St. George</p><br>
<p>Petit Jardin</p><br>
<p>Grand Jardin</p><br>
<p>De Grau</p><br>
<p>Red Brook</p><br>
<p>Loretto</p><br>
<p>Marches Point</p><br>
<p>Sheaves Cove</p><br>
<p>Lower Cove</p><br>
<p>Ship Cove</p><br>
<p>Jerrys Nose</p><br>
<p>Abraham&#39;s Cove</p><br>
<p>Campbells Creek</p><br>
<p>Man of War Cove</p><br>
<p>Felix Cove</p><br>
<p>Aguathuna</p><br>
<p>Bellmans Cove</p><br>
<p>Port au Port</p><br>
<p>Port au Port East</p><br>
<p>Romaines</p><br>
<p>Kippens</p><br>
<p>Stephenville</p><br>
<p>Stephenville Crossing</p><br>
<p>Mattis Point</p><br>
<p>Barachois Brook</p><br>
<p>Seal Rocks</p><br>
<p>St. George&#39;s</p><br>
<p>Sandy Point</p><br>
<p>Shallop Cove</p><br>
<p>Flat Bay</p><br>
<p>Flat Bay West</p><br>
<p>St. Teresa</p><br>
<p>Journois</p><br>
<p>Fischells</p><br>
<p>Heatherton</p><br>
<p>Robinsons</p><br>
<p>McKay&#39;s</p><br>
<p>Jeffrey&#39;s</p><br>
<p>Bay St. George South</p><br>
<p>St. David&#39;s</p><br>
<p>Maidstone</p><br>
<p>St. Fintan&#39;s</p><br>
<p>Loch Leven</p><br>
<p>Highlands</p><br>
<p>Cape Anguille</p><br>
<p>Emerald Spring is a hot spring located in Norris Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally named Emerald Geyser by Philetus Norris, park superintendent (1877–1882) because of its color, the name was later officially changed to Emerald Spring by the USA Geological Survey in 1930.</p><br>
<p>In 1892 Robert W. Wood, an American optical physicist, used the spring for a prank. He stealthy dissolved a pint of fluorescein in the pool to surprise several witnesses with unusually colorful water.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>Emerald Spring is 27 ft deep. The water temperature in the spring is around 83.3 &deg;C. The spring gets its name from the emerald green color of the water created by sunlight filtering through the water, giving the light a blue color, and reflecting off the yellow sulphur creating the green hue.</p><br>
<p>While Emerald Spring is a mostly calm pool, which usually only has a few bubbles rising to the surface, it does experience periods of turbidity and small 3-foot (1 m) high eruptions. In 1931, Emerald experienced a period of extremely vigorous activity with eruptions measuing 60 to 75 feet (18.2&ndash;22.9 m) in height.</p><br>
<p>Naxos or Naxus  was an ancient Greek city of Sicily on the east coast of the island between Catana  and Messana . It was situated on a low point of land at the mouth of the river Acesines , and at the foot of the hill on which was afterwards built the city of Tauromenium .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>All ancient writers agree in representing Naxos as the most ancient of all the Greek colonies in Sicily; it was founded the year before Syracusae, or 735 BC, by a body of colonists from Chalcis in Euboea, with whom there was mingled, according to Ephorus, a certain number of Ionians. The same writer represented Theocles, or Thucles, the leader of the colony and founder of the city, as an Athenian by birth; but Thucydides takes no notice of this, and describes the city as a purely Chalcidic colony; and it seems certain that in later times it was generally so regarded. The memory of Naxos as the earliest of all the Greek settlements in Sicily was preserved by the dedication of an altar outside the town to Apollo Archegetes, the divine patron under whose authority the colony had sailed; and it was a custom (still retained long after the destruction of Naxos itself) that all Theori or envoys proceeding on sacred missions to Greece, or returning from thence to Sicily, should offer sacrifice on this altar. It is singular that none of the writers above cited allude to the origin of the name of Naxos; but there can be little doubt that this was derived, as stated by Hellanicus, from the presence among the original settlers of a body of colonists from the island of that name.</p><br>
<p>The new colony must have been speedily joined by fresh settlers from Greece, as within six years after its first establishment the Chalcidians at Naxos were able to send out a fresh colony, which founded the city of Leontini (modern Lentini), 730 BC; and this was speedily followed by that of Catana. Theocles himself became the Oekist, or recognised founder, of the former, and Euarchus, probably a Chalcidic citizen, of the latter. Strabo and Scymnus Chius both represent Zancle (modern Messina) also as a colony from Naxos, but no allusion to this is found in Thucydides. But, as it was certainly a Chalcidic colony, it is probable that some settlers from Naxos joined those from the parent country. Callipolis also, a city of uncertain site, and which ceased to exist at an early period, was a colony of Naxos. But notwithstanding these evidences of its early prosperity, we have very little information as to the early history of Naxos; and the first facts transmitted to us concerning it relate to disasters that it sustained. Thus Herodotus tells us that it was one of the cities which was besieged and taken by Hippocrates, despot of Gela, about 498-91 BC; and his expressions would lead us to infer that it was reduced by him under permanent subjection. It appears to have afterwards successively passed under the authority of Gelon of Syracuse, and his brother Hieron, as we find it subject to the latter in 476 BC. At that time Hieron, with a view to strengthen his own power, removed the inhabitants of Naxos at the same time with those of Catana, and settled them together at Leontini, while he repeopled the two cities with fresh colonists from other quarters. The name of Naxos is not specifically mentioned during the revolutions that ensued in Sicily after the death of Hieron; but there seems no doubt that the city was restored to the old Chalcidic citizens at the same time as these were reinstated at Catana, 461 BC; and hence we find, during the ensuing period, the three Chalcidic cities, Naxos, Leontini, and Catana, generally united by the bonds of amity, and maintaining a close alliance, as opposed to Syracuse and the other Doric cities of Sicily Thus, in 427 BC, when the Leontini were hard pressed by their neighbours of Syracuse, their Chalcidic brethren afforded them all the assistance in their power; and when the first Athenian expedition arrived in Sicily under Laches and Charoeades, the Naxians immediately joined their alliance. With them, as well as with the Rhegians on the opposite side of the straits, it is probable that enmity to their neighbours at Messana was a strong motive in inducing them to join the Athenians; and during the hostilities that ensued, the Messanians having on one occasion, in 425 BC, made a sudden attack upon Naxos both by land and sea, the Naxians vigorously repulsed them, and in their turn inflicted heavy loss on the assailants.</p><br>
<p>On occasion of the great Athenian expedition to Sicily (415 BC), the Naxians from the first espoused their alliance, even while their kindred cities of Rhegium (modern Reggio di Calabria) and Catana held aloof; and not only furnished them with supplies, but received them freely into their city. Hence it was at Naxos that the Athenian fleet first touched after crossing the straits; and at a later period the Naxians and Catanaeans are enumerated by Thucydides as the only Greek cities in Sicily which sided with the Athenians. After the failure of this expedition the Chalcidic cities were naturally involved for a time in hostilities with Syracuse; but these were suspended in 409 BC, by the danger which seemed to threaten all the Greek cities alike from the Carthaginians. Their position on this occasion preserved the Naxians from the fate which befell Agrigentum (modern Agrigento), Gela, and Camarina; but they did not long enjoy this immunity. In 403 BC, Dionysius of Syracuse, deeming himself secure from the power of Carthage as well as from domestic sedition, determined to turn his arms against the Chalcidic cities of Sicily; and having made himself master of Naxos by the treachery of their general Procles, he sold all the inhabitants as slaves and destroyed both the walls and buildings of the city, while he bestowed its territory upon the neighbouring Siculi.</p><br>
<p>It is certain that Naxos never recovered this blow, nor rose again to be a place of any consideration: but it is not easy to trace precisely the events which followed. It appears, however, that the Siculi, to whom the Naxian territory was assigned, soon after formed a new settlement on the hill called Mount Taurus, which rises immediately above the site of Naxos, and that this gradually grew up into a considerable town, which assumed the name of Tauromenium. This took place about 396 BC; and we find the Siculi still in possession of this stronghold some years later. Meanwhile, the exiled and fugitive inhabitants of Naxos and Catana formed, as usual in such cases, a considerable body, who as far as possible kept together. An attempt was made in 394 BC by the Rhegians to settle them again in a body at Mylae (modern Milazzo), but without success; for they were speedily expelled by the Messanians, and from this time appear to have been dispersed in various parts of Sicily. At length, in 358 BC, Andromachus, the father of the historian Timaeus, is said to have collected together again the Naxian exiles from all parts of the island, and established them on the hill of Tauromenium, which thus rose to be a Greek city, and became the successor of the ancient Naxos. Hence Pliny the Elder speaks of Tauromenium as having been formerly called Naxos, an expression which is not strictly correct. The fortunes of the new city quickly rose to be a place of importance. The site of Naxos itself seems to have been never again inhabited in antiquity; but the altar and shrine of Apollo Archegetes continued to mark the spot where it had stood, and are mentioned in the war between Octavian and Sextus Pompey in Sicily, 36 BC.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The site of the city falls into the territory of the comune of Giardini Naxos. There are no remains of the ancient city now extant, but the site is clearly marked. It occupied a low but rocky headland, now called Cape Schisò, formed by an ancient stream of lava, immediately to the north of the Alcantara, one of the most considerable streams in this part of Sicily. A small bay to the north affords good anchorage, and separates it from the foot of the bold and lofty hill, still occupied by the town of Taormina; but the situation was not one which enjoyed any peculiar natural advantages.</p><br>
<h2>Coinage</h2><br>
<p>• Obverse: Head of Dionysus in late archaic style</p><br>
<p>• Reverse: Satyr holding kantharos.</p><br>
<p>• Obverse: Head of Dionysus in archaic style with pointed beard</p><br>
<p>• Reverse: Grapes between leaves.</p><br>
<p>The coins of Naxos, which are of fine workmanship, may almost all be referred to the period from 460 BC to 403 BC, which was probably the most flourishing in the history of the city.</p><br>
<p>Lake Monoun is a lake in West Province, Cameroon, that lies in the Oku Volcanic Field {{coord|5.58|N|10.59|E}}. On August 15, 1984, the lake exploded in a limnic eruption, which resulted in the release of a large amount of carbon dioxide that killed 37 people. At first, the cause of the deaths was a mystery, and causes such as terrorism were suspected. Further investigation and a similar event two years later at Lake Nyos led to the currently accepted explanation.</p><br>
<h2>Disaster</h2><br>
<p>Several people reported hearing a loud noise on August 15, 1984 around 22:30. A gas cloud reportedly emanated from a crater in the eastern part of the lake. The resulting deaths of residents in a low-lying area are believed to have occurred between 03:00 and dawn. The victims were said to have skin burns, which reports later clarified as "skin damage" such as discoloration. Survivors reported that the whitish, smoke-like cloud smelled bitter and acidic. Vegetation was flattened around the eastern part of the lake, probably by a tsunami.</p><br>
<p>Although Lake Monoun is near the center of a volcanic field that includes at least 34 recent craters, the subsequent investigation found that the event was not caused by an eruption or sudden ejection of volcanic gas from the lake. Rather, emission of carbon dioxide in a limnic eruption is thought to be to blame. The cloud&#39;s smell and skin damage to victims were not fully explained. Some theories attribute the skin problems to a combination of preexisting conditions and routine postmortem effects like livor mortis, although there is no clear consensus.</p><br>
<p>Among the victims were some of the riders in a truck carrying twelve people. The truck&#39;s engine stopped working, and the people inside the truck got out and were killed. Two people sitting on top of the truck survived, because their elevated position allowed them to breathe - carbon dioxide is heavier than air (oxygen and nitrogen) which causes it to stay close to the ground.</p><br>
<p>Two years later, on 21 August 1986, a similar and even more deadly event occurred at Lake Nyos, about 100 km NNW, killing about 1746 people and more than 3,000 livestock. Along with Lake Nyos and Lake Kivu, Lake Monoun is one of only three lakes in the world known to have high concentrations of gas dissolved deep below the surface, which can result in a limnic eruption.</p><br>
<h2>Degassing</h2><br>
<p>In 2003, a venting pipe was inserted into the lake, in an effort to prevent the disaster from recurring. Initially a pump was needed to pull water from the bottom, but as carbon dioxide began to come out of solution it created buoyancy in the water in the pipes, allowing the pump to be turned off.</p><br>
<p>However, a study in September 2005 by George Kling and other researchers at the University of Michigan found that gas was not being removed from the lake quickly enough to ensure that the disaster never happens again. Kling recommended the lowering of the existing pipe and the addition of a new one in order to release more carbon dioxide.</p><br>
<p>Pine Knob is a hill located in Independence Township, in Oakland County, near Clarkston, Michigan. The hill is classified as a summit.</p><br>
<p>It extends from Waldon Road to the south, to Clarkston Road to the north, and from Sashabaw Road to the west, to Pine Knob Road to the east.</p><br>
<p>With an elevation of 1,201 feet, Pine Knob is the highest hill in Southeastern Michigan.</p><br>
<p>It is home to Pine Knob Ski Resort, DTE Energy Music Theater, Pine Knob Mansion, Pine Knob Golf Club, as well as residential homes.</p><br>
<h2>Ski resort</h2><br>
<p>Pine Knob is a ski and snowboard resort located off of Sashabaw Road and Pine Knob Road in Independence Township. It features seventeen trails, twelve lifts and three terrain parks. Its signature trail is "The Wall" an almost vertical mogul run.</p><br>
<h2>Music theater</h2><br>
<p>DTE Energy Music Theatre is a 15,274-seat (7,202 seats in the pavilion; 8,072 on the lawn) outdoor amphitheater concert venue that has featured hundreds of celebrities and is always one of the highest grossing outdoor amphitheaters in the United States. It is located off of Sashabaw Road in Independence Township.</p><br>
<p>The concert venue, which opened in 1972, was originally called Pine Knob Music Theater until DTE Energy purchased its naming rights in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Mansion</h2><br>
<p>Colonel Sidney D. Waldon (b.1873, d.1945), an executive at Packard Motor Company, purchased 840 acres of land near Clarkston, Michigan in 1927. There he built a 19-room English Manor residence located atop the highest point in Southeastern Michigan. A Carriage House was constructed several hundred feet away from the mansion for the caretaker and his family. Behind this home were barns that housed his fine thoroughbreds and exquisite carriages.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Mansion and Carriage House serve as a banquet facility for weddings and other events. It is located off of Waldon Road in Independence Township.</p><br>
<h2>Golf club</h2><br>
<p>Pine Knob Golf Club is a 27-hole championship golf course, designed by Dan Pohl. The three courses are the Eagle, Falcon and Hawk. The first tee-box on the Eagle course is the highest elevation in Oakland County. It is located off of Waldon Road in Independence Township.</p><br>
<h2>Residential homes</h2><br>
<p>Fairways at Pine Knob, Pine Knob Enclaves and Pine Knob Manor are residential developments located on Pine Knob and include luxury homes and luxury condominiums. They are located off of Waldon Road in Independence Township.</p><br>
<p>Beth Sholom Congregation is a Conservative synagogue located at 8231 Old York Road in the Philadelphia suburb of Elkins Park, Pennsylvania. It is the only synagogue designed by famed architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Beth Sholom is Hebrew for House of Peace. Completed in 1959, it has been called a "startling, translucent, modernist evocation of an ancient temple, transposed to a Philadelphia suburb by Frank Lloyd Wright. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2007 for its architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Congregation</h2><br>
<p>The congregation originally established its synagogue in the Logan neighborhood of Philadelphia in 1919 but was one of the first congregations to move to the suburbs at its present home in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>1919-1964 - Rabbi Mortimer J. Cohen</p><br>
<p>1964-2000 - Aaron Landes</p><br>
<p>2000-2003 - Rabbi Gershon Schwartz</p><br>
<p>2003-2004 - Rabbi Frederic Kazan (interim)</p><br>
<p>2004–present - Rabbi David Glanzberg-Krainin</p><br>
<p>2004–present - Rabbi Andrea Merow</p><br>
<p>1957-1967 - Cantor Seymour Schwartzman</p><br>
<p>1968-1971 - Cantor Neil Newman</p><br>
<p>1971-1975 - Cantor Robert H. Albert</p><br>
<p>1975-2011 - Hazzan David F. Tilman</p><br>
<p>2011-present - Hazzan Jeffrey Weber</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, who accepted the commission in September 1953. The building was completed and consecrated in 1959. With its steeply inclined walls of translucent fiberglass and plastic projecting skyward like a "luminous Mount Sinai" (Wright&#39;s own description), it has been cited as an example of the Mayan Revival architecture style. During the day, the interior is lit by natural light entering through the translucent walls overhead. At night, the entire building glows from interior artificial lighting.</p><br>
<p>In front of the synagogue, and separated from it by about 25 ft, is a laver or fountain. In ancient days, the laver (from the word "to lave" or "wash") was made of copper. In it worshipers would wash their hands before the sacrifice and service. The lovely fountain with flowing waters in front of the entrance is a symbol of the old laver and is also a symbol of purity upon entering religious worship.</p><br>
<p>The main sanctuary is large enough to hold about 1020 people. The second sanctuary, which holds roughly a hundred, is on the first floor of the synagogue. The main sanctuary was placed on the second floor to inspire a feeling that the people in the room are closer to heaven. Adding to the impression is the enormous tented fiberglass roof rising towards the heavens. "Tours are given by docents several days a week".</p><br>
<p>The synagogue is a part of the Frank Lloyd Wright Historic Society and because of that, the current owners cannot make changes to the building without permission from the organization. For example, the carpet, which is a beige color symbolizing the sands of the desert the Jews had to cross, cannot be changed without permission of the body. This has made updating the building for modern electricity and heating difficult, causing the main sanctuary to be very cold in winter. The only exception to the needed approval was the addition of a chair lift so that the synagogue could comply with laws promoting access for people with disabilities. The floor plans of both sanctuary rooms do not allow for any additions or space changes required to accommodate members with wheel chairs.</p><br>
<p>The design is considered by critics to be the "most expressive" design drafted in Wrights career for any house of worship. It has been listed by the American Institute of Architects as one of the 17 American buildings which are to be preserved as an example of Wrights contribution to American architecture.</p><br>
<p>Ada Annie Rae-Arthur, later Ada Annie Lawson but better known as Cougar Annie,  was a pioneer who settled near Hesquiat Harbour at Boat Basin in Clayoquot Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada.</p><br>
<h2>Early years</h2><br>
<p>Born Ada Annie Jordan in Sacramento, California, she moved to the land where she was to live for more than 65 years from Vancouver, British Columbia in 1915 after having lived in England, South Africa and the Canadian Prairies as a child. She arrived with the first of her four husbands to save him from an opium addiction and ensure that the remittance cheques that came from his family in Scotland would continue to arrive. At the time she and her husband settled on the coast, they had three small children. She gave birth to eight more children in this remote location. She acquired her nickname because of her famed marksmanship. She shot dozens of cougars during her long life.</p><br>
<h2>Stories</h2><br>
<p>After the death of her first husband Willie Rae-Arthur in 1936, she advertised in The Western Producer saying "BC Widow with Nursery and orchard wishes partner. Widower preferred. Object matrimony." The new husband she chose from several candidates died at their home in 1944 of an accidental gunshot wound to the leg. The story goes he was cleaning his gun and didn&#39;t realize that there was a cartridge still in the chamber. Her third husband was produced by the same advertisement, and after his death of Pneumonia in 1955, she ran another ad, this time seeking a widower with young children. Her own children having grown and moved off, she found a companion who stayed on with his children for a number of months before the remoteness of life in Boat Basin drove him away. However they did remain in contact for many years to come. (This previous statement has never been verified by the family.) In 1961 Annie married for the fourth and last time. It was an unsuccessful marriage to a man, 12 years her junior, who drank, stole from the store and sometimes beat her. This man tried to run Annie off a cliff to get the farm but she was wilier than he was and ran him off with her shotgun. When he left never to return around 1967, he was not missed.</p><br>
<p>In 1942 the lighthouse at Estevan Point was shelled by a Japanese submarine. Annie claimed to have seen the submarine surface in the harbour before the lighthouse was shelled and to have found a shell on the beach in front of her land.</p><br>
<h2>The garden</h2><br>
<p>With little help, Annie cleared 5 acre of her land and planted a sprawling garden. The garden was a source of income throughout her life, as she sold bulbs and plants by mail. She also operated a general store and post office from her plot of land. Another source of income over the years was a bounty offered for Cougars that ranged from $10 to $40. The numbers of cats that she claimed to have killed continued to increase into her old age but in 1955 she received bounties for 10 cats. At that time she claimed to have killed 62 cougars and about 80 bears. She killed the cougars and bears because they preyed on the goats and chickens that she raised.</p><br>
<p>Her livelihood depended upon the regular visits of the Canadian Pacific Steamships Line Princess Maquinna that arrived every 10 days in Hesquiat Harbour from 1913 to 1952 on her rounds from Victoria to Port Alice.</p><br>
<p>Annie rarely left the property where she lived until well into her nineties. Ailing and mostly blind, she was removed to Port Alberni, where she died at the age of 97.</p><br>
<h2>The garden recovered</h2><br>
<p>Her friend Peter Buckland, a retired Vancouver stockbroker, bought the property from her estate in 1985 and spent nearly fifteen years restoring the garden. He established the non-profit Boat Basin Foundation to manage the garden, which built and in 2007 opened the Temperate Rainforest Field Study Centre on a ridge overlooking the garden, in partnership with and the Hesquiaht First Nation. In August 2010, the property was listed for sale, the study centre having been found to be not financially viable. NOTE: The sale of this property has been halted due to the "unmarked" cemetery, including Ada&#39;s ashes and her first husband Willie. Family members and Peter Buckland were shown by Ada where most of the graves are, as Ada never put up a marker, she just planted something nice on top.</p><br>
<p>The garden has re-opened after seven years to small groups of people. It will seasonally open to the public on a limited basis (Fridays and Sundays) and is accessible by float plane from Tofino, or by hikers and kayakers.</p><br>
<p>Historic Forks of the Wabash is a historic museum park near Huntington, Indiana, that features site several historic buildings, trails and remnants of the Wabash and Erie Canal. The location was the signing location of the historic Treaty at the Forks of the Wabash in 1838. The park is located along the Wabash River. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 as the Chief Richardville House and Miami Treaty Grounds.</p><br>
<p>Historic structures include:</p><br>
<p>Chief&#39;s House - Council house believed to have been used by Miami tribe Chief Jean Baptiste de Richardville during treaty negotiations and Miami Council meetings. Other sources indicate that his son in law, Francis La Fontaine, actually built the house in the early 1840s for use as his main residence. The house has been restored to appear as in 1846.</p><br>
<p>Nuck Log House - 1841 pioneer log house</p><br>
<p>School House - Pioneer-era log schoolhouse furnished for the 1880s</p><br>
<p>Ball State University conducted an archaeological dig at the Chief&#39;s House in 1989 which uncovered artifacts including nails, brick, glass, toys, housewares, and personal items. An additional excavation occurred in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The park offers programs for groups of all ages. Topics include archaeology, canals and transportation, pioneer life, Woodland Indian history, and art.</p><br>
<p>The Flat Islands or Flatøyholmane are a small chain of islands which extends 2.5 nmi in a northeast-southwest direction, lying about 3 km north-west of Mawson Station and 2 nmi southwest of Welch Island in the eastern part of Holme Bay. The Flat Islands were mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition  and the name Flatøyholmane  was applied to the group at the south end of the chain. The island mapped as Flatøy on the Norwegian map is actually three islands. Following surveys by the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions , the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia  recommended in 1958 that the descriptive name Flat Islands be applied for the entire group. The group is made up of Stinear Island and Béchervaise Island, amongst others.</p><br>
<p>Kalyvia Thorikou  is a town and a former municipality in East Attica, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Saronikos, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 70.636 km.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Kalyvia Thorikou consists of two distinct parts: the main inland town Kalyvia and the coastal settlement which is also referred to as Lagonisi. Kalyvia proper is situated on the south side of the Mesogaia plain, in the southeastern part of the Attica peninsula. There are several low mountains around Kalyvia Thorikou, including Panion to its south and Merenta to its northeast. Kalyvia Thorikou is 7 km northeast from the Saronic Gulf coast at Lagonisi, 5 km south of Markopoulo Mesogaias, 6 km northwest of Keratea and 24 km southeast of Athens city centre. The Greek National Road 89 (Gerakas - Koropi - Lavrio - Sounio) passes east of the town.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Athena Manoukian, singer</p><br>
<h2>Sister Cities</h2><br>
<p>Garons</p><br>
<p>Mesa Geitonia</p><br>
<p>Villa Castelli</p><br>
<p>The Lau Islands  of Fiji are situated in the southern Pacific Ocean, just east of the Koro Sea. Of this chain of about sixty islands and islets, about thirty are inhabited. The Lau Group covers a land area of 188 square miles , and had a population of 10,683 at the most recent census in 2007. While most of the northern Lau Group are high islands of volcanic origin, those of the south are mostly carbonate low islands.</p><br>
<p>Administratively the islands belong to Lau Province.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The British explorer James Cook reached Vatoa in 1774. By the time of the discovery of the Ono Group in 1820, the Lau archipelago was the most mapped area of Fiji.</p><br>
<p>Political unity came late to the Lau Islands. Historically, they comprised three territories: the Northern Lau Islands, the Southern Lau Islands, and the Moala Islands. Around 1855, the renegade Tongan prince Enele Maafu conquered the region and established a unified administration. Calling himself the Tui Lau, or King of Lau, he promulgated a constitution and encouraged the establishment of Christian missions. The first missionaries had arrived at Lakeba in 1830, but had been expelled. The Tui Nayau, who had been the nominal overlord of the Lau Islands, became subject to Maafu.</p><br>
<p>The Tui Nayau and Tui Lau titles came into personal union in 1969, when Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, who had already been installed as Tui Lau in 1963 by the Yavusa Tonga, was also installed as Tui Nayau following the death of his father Ratu Tevita Uluilakeba III in 1966. The title Tui Lau was left vacant from his uncle, Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna, in 1958 as referenced in Mara, The Pacific Way Paper.</p><br>
<p>The Northern Lau Islands, which extended as far south as Tuvuca, were under the overlordship of Taveuni and paid tribute to the Tui Cakau (Paramount Chief of Cakaudrove). In 1855, however, Ma&#39;afu gained sovereignty over Northern Lau, establishing Lomaloma, on Vanua Balavu, as his capital.</p><br>
<p>The Southern Lau Islands extended from Ono-i-Lau, in the far south, to as far north as Cicia. They were the traditional chiefdom of the Tui Nayau, but with Maafus conquest in the 1850s, he became subject to Tongan supremacy.</p><br>
<p>The Moala Islands had closer affiliation with Bau Island and Lomaiviti than with Lau, but Maafus conquest united them with the Lau Islands. They have remained administratively a part of the Lau Province ever since.</p><br>
<h2>Culture and economy</h2><br>
<p>Since they lie between Melanesian Fiji and Polynesian Tonga, the Lau Islands are a meeting point of the two cultural spheres. Lauan villages remain very traditional, and the islands&#39; inhabitants are renowned for their wood carving and masi paintings. Lakeba especially was a traditional meeting place between Tongans and Fijians. The south-east trade winds allowed sailors to travel from Tonga to Fiji, but much harder to return. The Lau Island culture became more Fijian rather than Polynesian beginning around 500 BC. However, Tongan influence can still be found in names, language, food, and architecture. Unlike the square-shaped ends characterizing most houses elsewhere in Fiji, Lauan houses tend to be rounded, following the Tongan practice.</p><br>
<p>In early July 2014, Tongas Lands Minister, Lord Maʻafu Tukuiʻaulahi, revealed a proposal for Tonga to give the disputed Minerva Reefs to Fiji in exchange for the Lau Group. At the time that news of the proposal first broke, it had not yet been discussed with the Lau Provincial Council. Many Lauans have Tongan ancestors and some Tongans have Lauan ancestors; Tongas Lands Minister is named after Enele Ma&#39;afu, the Tongan Prince who originally claimed parts of Lau for Tonga. Historically, the Minerva Reefs have been part of the fishing grounds belonging to the people of Ono-i-Lau, an island in the Lau Group.</p><br>
<p>Just off the island of Vanua Balavu at Lomaloma was the Yanuyanu Island Resort, built to encourage tourism in what has been a less accessible area of Fiji, but the small resort failed almost immediately and has been abandoned since the year 2000. An airstrip is located off Malaka village and a port is also located on Vanua Balavu, at Lomaloma. There are guest houses on Vanua Balavu and on Lakeba, the other principal island.</p><br>
<p>The Lau Islands are the centre of the game of Cricket in Fiji. Cricket is the most popular team sport in Lau, unlike the rest of the country where Rugby and Association Football are preferred. The national team is invariably dominated by Lauan players.</p><br>
<h2>Notable Lauans</h2><br>
<p>The Lau Islands&#39; most famous son is the late Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara (1920-2004), the Tui Lau, Tui Nayau, Sau ni Vanua (hereditary Paramount Chief of the Lau Islands) and the founding father of modern Fiji who was Prime Minister for most of the period between 1967 and 1992, and President from 1993 to 2000. Other noted Lauans include Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna (1898-1958), who forged embryonic constitutional institutions for Fiji in the years that preceded independence. Other notable Lauans include:</p><br>
<p>Politicians: Jonati Mavoa held many ministerial portfolios in the early part of Fiji&#39;s transition to self-government, Charles Walker who held several portfolios in the Alliance government before becoming a Diplomat, Nelson Delailomaloma who was Permanent Secretary of Education and Minister in the Interim Government, former Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase, former Attorney-General Qoriniasi Bale, former Minister of Education Filipe Bole, Ambassador to China Esala Teleni, and former Cabinet Minister Lavenia Padarath. Current First Lady Adi Koila Nailatikau is also Lauan, being the daughter of Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara.</p><br>
<p>Bureaucrats: Include former permanent secretaries Marika Tukituku, Solomone Makasiale, Joji Kotobalavu, Solomone Sila and current permanent secretary Jale Fotofili First Fijian Chief Justice (Sir Timoci Tuivaga), First Fijian President of Methodist church Setareki Tuilovoni</p><br>
<p>Sports: I. L. Bula cricketer, former Heavy Weight Boxing Champion Sunia Cama(Rugby: Joeli Veitayaki, Bill Cavubati, Sunia Koto)</p><br>
<p>Youth leaders: Roko Jonetani (Pita) Waqavonovono, Roko Liwaki Uluilakeba, and Jackie Koroivulaono.</p><br>
<p>Given its small population, the Lau Islands&#39; contribution to the leadership of Fiji has been disproportionately large.</p><br>
<p>San Benedicto, formerly Isla de los Innocentes, is an uninhabited island, and third largest island of the Revillagigedo Islands, located in the Pacific ocean.</p><br>
<p>It is 4.8 km by 2.4 km in size, with an area 10 km². It is of volcanic origin. It has two prominent peaks. The tallest peak, Bárcena, rises to a height of 332 metres (1,089 feet) near the southern part of the island. It forms a typical volcanic crater. It is located between the remains of two older craters, Herrera in the middle of the island and the Montículo Cinerítico ("Ash Heap") in the southwest. There is no permanent source of freshwater.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first recorded sighting of San Benedicto was by the Spanish expedition of Hernando de Grijalva on 28 December 1533 that charted it as Isla de los Inocentes due to this day being the festivity of the Holy Innocents. In November 1542, it was sighted again by the expedition of Ruy López de Villalobos that incorrectly identified it with the Santo Tomás of Grijalva (present day Socorro Island).</p><br>
<h2>1952/53 volcanic eruption</h2><br>
<p>Barcenas only historic eruption began around 8:30 AM on August 1, 1952, from the El Boquerón vent. In a severe Vulcanian eruption of magnitude 3 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index scale, pyroclastic flows rolled over the island. Soon the entire island was covered in ash and pumice up to 3 m (10 ft ) high. Ejecta filled the valley between Herrera crater and Montículo Cinerítico, and by August 14 had formed a cone some 300 m (over 1000 ft) high. After some months with little activity, a second series of eruptions began on November 1, 1952. On December 8, the magma broke through the cones southeastern base and started to flow into the sea. This continued to about February 24, 1953. By March 9, 1953, most activity had subsided, except fumaroles in the crater and at the rift in its base; the lava was hard but still retained much heat. By late 1953, the volcano was dormant again.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The eruption wiped out – at least temporarily – all flora and terrestrial fauna of San Benedicto. The fauna included the endemic San Benedicto rock wren which became extinct around 9 AM on August 1. It is unusual for an extinction to be recorded with such precision, and in this case it was only possible because observers were offshore, documenting how the island was blasted with ejecta.</p><br>
<p>However, once the volcanic activity had died down by the spring of 1953, seabirds returned to the island for the breeding season. They roosted only north of Herrera crater, where the ash cover had already begun to erode away. A few Johngarthia planatus land crabs were present also, having either managed to survive the eruption or, more probably, recolonized the island; their larvae live in the ocean. Still, the island was devoid of plant life.</p><br>
<p>By late 1953, rain had removed the ash and pumice deposits in the steeper places of northern San Benedicto. At least half the previously recorded plant taxa were again present. Numerous seabirds were found breeding, most north of Herrera but a colony of blue-footed boobies was present in the ditch between Herrera and Barcena.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>The vertebrate fauna of San Benedicto is nowadays composed entirely of seabirds. It appears that the Revillagigedo population of western ravens also bred on San Benedicto before the 1952 eruption, but any such population was wiped out and ravens are not found – except maybe as very rare vagrants – on San Benedicto today.</p><br>
<p>Its position on the northeastern edge of the archipelago makes San Benedicto the north(east)ernmost location where several seabirds of the tropical Eastern Pacific come to breed. Taxa breeding on San Benedicto are:</p><br>
<p>Wedge-tailed shearwater, Puffinus pacificus (or Ardenna pacifica) – easternmost breeding site</p><br>
<p>Western red-billed tropicbird, Phaethon aethereus mesonauta – possibly northernmost breeding site</p><br>
<p>Northern blue-footed booby, Sula nebouxii nebouxii – possibly northernmost breeding site</p><br>
<p>Nazca booby, Sula granti – possibly northeasternmost breeding site</p><br>
<p>East Pacific red-footed booby, Sula sula websteri – northernmost breeding site of this doubtfully distinct subspecies</p><br>
<p>Northeast Pacific brown booby, Sula leucogaster brewsteri – northernmost breeding site</p><br>
<p>East Pacific great frigatebird, Fregata minor ridgwayi – northernmost breeding site of this doubtfully distinct subspecies</p><br>
<p>The nearly extinct Townsend&#39;s shearwater (Puffinus auricularis) does not seem to breed on San Benedicto, but can sometimes be seen feeding offshore. Given that there are no invasive species on San Benedicto and also no predators apart from the frigatebirds, the island might be highly suitable for establishing a new colony. Indeed, it bred here before the 1952 eruption; shearwaters are highly conservative in choosing their breeding locations, which explains why San Benedicto has not yet been recolonized.</p><br>
<p>Vagrants of other species, such as brown pelicans, red-tailed hawks, ospreys, barn swallows and bay-breasted warblers may occasionally visit the island but ultimately move on or perish, finding San Benedicto still too barren to support a resident population. Migrant waders, such as Hudsonian curlews and wandering tattlers, use San Benedicto for brief stopovers more regularly.</p><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>A mere 10 plant taxa have been recorded from San Benedicto, containing mainly herbs and grasses, with the occasional subshrubs and vines. It does not appear that any became extinct due to the 1952 eruption. The local plant life contains several Revillagigedo endemics shared with Clarión: Bulbostylis nesiotica, Cyperus duripes and Perityle socorrosensis. The taxonomic status of the local Euphorbia anthonyi is not fully resolved. Other plants on San Benedicto are Aristolochia islandica, Cenchrus myosuroides, Eragrostis diversiflora, Erigeron crenatus, Ipomoea pes-caprae ssp. brasiliensis (beach morning glory) and Teucrium townsendii.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting information</h2><br>
<p>San Benedicto Island is a popular scuba diving destination known for underwater encounters with dolphins, sharks, giant manta rays and other pelagics. An area called "The Boiler" is where divers commonly interact with the rays. Divers have also spotted tiger sharks, Galápagos sharks, silky sharks, and humpback whales here. Since there is no public airport on the island, divers visit here aboard dive vessels. The most popular months to visit are between November and May when the weather and seas are calmer.</p><br>
<p>Belgica Mountains is an isolated chain of mountains about 10 mi long, standing 60 mi east-southeast of the Sor Rondane Mountains in Queen Maud Land, in the Antarctic. The chain was discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition  under Gaston de Gerlache, and named after the ship Belgica, commanded by his father, Lt. Adrien de Gerlache, leader of the Belgian Antarctic Expedition of 1897-99.</p><br>
<h2>List of mountains</h2><br>
<p>Mount Bastin &ndash; 2,000 m (72&deg;32&prime;S latitude, 31&deg;15&prime;E longitude)A mountain standing 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) north of Mount Perov. Discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition who named it for Captain Frank Bastin, who assisted in the scientific preparation of the expedition.</p><br>
<p>Mount Boë &ndash; 2,520 m (72&deg;35&prime;S latitude, 31&deg;19&prime;E longitude)A mountain standing 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) northeast of Mount Victor. Discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1957–58, under G. de Gerlache, who named it for Captain Sigmund Boë, commander of the ship Polarhav, which transported the expedition.</p><br>
<p>Mount Brouwer &ndash; 2,460 m 72&deg;35&prime;S latitude, 31&deg;26&prime;E longitudeA mountain between Mount Hoge and Mount Launoit. Discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1957–58, who named it for Carl de Brouwer, a patron of the expedition.</p><br>
<p>Mount Gillet &ndash; 2,460 m 72&deg;34&prime;S latitude, 31&deg;23&prime;E longitudeA mountain standing just north of Mount Van der Essen. Discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1957–58, who named it for Charles Gillet, a patron of the expedition.</p><br>
<p>Mount Hoge &ndash; 2,480 m 72&deg;34&prime;S latitude, 31&deg;23&prime;E longitudeA mountain between Mount Van der Essen and Mount Brouwer. Discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1957–58, who named it for Edmond Hoge, member of the scientific committee of the expedition.</p><br>
<p>Mount Imbert &ndash; 2,495 m 72&deg;35&prime;S latitude, 31&deg;28&prime;E longitudeA mountain standing close northeast of Mount Launoit in the east part of the mountain range. Discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1957–58, who named it for Bertrand Imbert, leader of the French Antarctic Expedition, 1956-57.</p><br>
<p>Mount Launoit &ndash; 2,470 m 72&deg;34&prime;S latitude, 31&deg;27&prime;E longitudeA mountain between Mount Brouwer and Mount Imbert. Discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1958–59, who named it for Count de Launoit, President of the BRUFINA Society which gave financial assistance to the expedition.</p><br>
<p>Mount Limburg Stirum &ndash; 2,350 m (72&deg;34&prime;S latitude, 31&deg;19&prime;E longitude) A mountain standing on the east side of Norsk Polarinstitutt Glacier and 1 nmi north of Mount Boë. It was discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1957–58, under G. de Gerlache, who named it for Count Charles of Limburg Stirum, a patron of the expedition.</p><br>
<p>Mount Perov &ndash; 2,380 m 72&deg;34&prime;S latitude, 31&deg;12&prime;E longitudeA mountain just west of the terminus of Norsk Polarinstitutt Glacier. Discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1957–58, who named it for Commander V. Perov, Soviet pilot who came to the aid of four members of the Belgian Antarctic Expedition in December 1958.</p><br>
<p>Mount Van Mieghem &ndash; 2,450 m 72&deg;36&prime;S latitude, 31&deg;14&prime;E longitudeA mountain standing 1 mi south of Mount Perov. Discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1957–58, who named it for Prof. Jacques Van Mieghem, president of the scientific committee of the expedition.</p><br>
<p>Mount Van der Essen &ndash; 2,525 m 72&deg;34&prime;S latitude, 31&deg;23&prime;E longitudeA mountain just south of Mount Gillet. Discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1957–58, who named it for Alfred Van der Essen, director at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and a patron of the expedition.</p><br>
<p>Mount Victor &ndash; 2,590 m 72&deg;36&prime;S latitude, 31&deg;16&prime;E longitudeA mountain between Mount Van Mieghem and Mount Boe. It was discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1957–58, who named it for the French polar explorer Paul-Émile Victor, a counselor of the expedition.</p><br>
<p>Wheatland, or the James Buchanan House, is a brick, Federal style house outside of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in Lancaster Township, Lancaster County. It was formerly owned by the 15th President of the United States, James Buchanan.</p><br>
<p>The house was constructed in 1828 by William Jenkins, a local lawyer. It was sold to William M. Meredith in 1841. Wheatland changed hands again in 1848, when it was purchased by Buchanan. Buchanan occupied the house for the next two decades, except for several years during his ambassadorship in Great Britain and during his presidency. After his death in 1868, Wheatland was inherited by Buchanans niece, Harriet Lane, who sold it in 1881 to George Willson. It was inherited by a relative of Willsons in 1929. Wheatland was put up for sale again after the relative died in 1934 and was acquired by a group of people who set up a foundation for the purpose of preserving the house. Wheatland was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. It was designated a contributing property to the Northeast Lancaster Township Historic District in 1980. The foundation and the adjacent historical society merged in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Wheatland is located off Pennsylvania Route 23 (Marietta Avenue) in Lancaster Township, about 1.5 mi from the center of the city of Lancaster. It is situated on 10 acre of land, which it shares with Lancaster County&#39;s historical society, at the intersection of Marietta Avenue and President Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The region was originally inhabited by the Susquehannocks, who were first encountered in what is now Lancaster County by John Smith in 1608. They were also known to early settlers of the area as the "Conestogas", after the creek they resided near. In 1680, William Penn received a charter from Charles II for land to found the Province of Pennsylvania; Penn divided the land into the three counties: Bucks, Chester and Philadelphia. Lancaster County was formed from parts of Chester County on May 10, 1729. Lancaster Township was settled between 1717 and 1720, and was incorporated out of portions of Conestoga Township in 1729. The city of Lancaster was laid out in March 1730 and was incorporated as a borough in August 1742, before being incorporated as a city on March 20, 1818.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On November 20, 1824, over 403 acre of land was turned over to a bank in Lancaster by a farmer. The bank sold 165 acre and 68 square perches (18,513 ft; 1,720 m) of that land, on January 29, 1828, for $11,731.87, through the use of a straw man, to William Jenkins, a lawyer and, then, president of said bank. Jenkins had a house constructed on the property and named it "The Wheatlands", either after the surrounding wheatfields or because the site of the house used to be a wheatfield. Jenkins sold 17 acre and 25 square perches (7,010 ft; 651 m) of land, including the house, to his son-in-law in 1841. William M. Meredith bought the same plot on May 8, 1845, plus an additional 5 acre, for $6,750. Meredith used it as primarily a summer house and as a home for his wife and children; Meredith&#39;s duties as head of the bar in Philadelphia prevented him from living at Wheatland on a permanent basis.</p><br>
<p>Wheatland was put up for sale by Meredith and was contacted in June 1848 by Secretary of State James Buchanan, who was interested in the house. The sale of Wheatland was delayed by Meredith, who was not sure whether he really wanted to sell the estate, and by Buchanan, who did not want to force Meredith into making a decision that he might regret. Wheatland was sold in December 1848 at the same price that Meredith had purchased it at; Buchanan moved into the mansion several months later, accompanied by his niece, Harriet Lane, and nephew, James Buchanan "Buck" Henry, and his housekeeper, Esther "Miss Hetty" Parker. Buchanan ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic Party&#39;s nomination for President in the 1852 election, however he was appointed the Minister to Great Britain by the newly elected Franklin Pierce. Buchanan did not return to the United States, and to Wheatland, until 1856.</p><br>
<p>Not long after arriving back at Wheatland, Buchanan was nominated by the Democratic Party to be its candidate for President on June 9, 1856. Buchanan did not tour the country as part of the campaign. Instead, he conducted it from Wheatland as a "front porch campaign". Buchanan won the election and carried all of the Southern states, with most of the votes in the Northern states going to the Republican nominee John C. Frémont. Part of Buchanans success in the South was his, and the party platforms, support of the Kansas&ndash;Nebraska Act. One of the tactics used in the campaign involved lithographs of Wheatland being printed and circulated, primarily in the South, "as a polite way of informing the Southerners that the Democratic candidate, though from the North, had a plantation estate and held a course of life similar to their own."</p><br>
<h3>Post-presidency</h3><br>
<p>During his presidency, Buchanan returned to Wheatland sporadically and never for very long. He retired to Wheatland in 1861, after the election of Abraham Lincoln and the end of his term as President. Buchanan died in a room on the second floor in Wheatland on June 1, 1868. Thousands of people attended Buchanans funeral and the procession from Wheatland to the Woodward Hill Cemetery on June 4. The estate was inherited by Harriet Lane, who used it as a summer house. After both of Lanes sons died&mdash;one in 1881 and the other a year later&mdash;and a few weeks after her husband died, Lane sold Wheatland in 1884 to George Willson.</p><br>
<p>Wheatland was inherited by Mary Willson Rettew, a cousin of George Willson, after he died of a heart attack in 1929. Rettew died in 1934 and, left a will stipulating "the establishment of The Willson Memorial Building" to preserve the family&#39;s heirlooms. Her will also requested that the building be occupied by the Lancaster County Historical Society, which had been founded in 1880. Wheatland, along with 4.25 acre of land, were put up for sale by the executors of the will. The Junior League of Lancaster founded the "James Buchanan Foundation for the Preservation of Wheatland" in 1935 with the purpose of raising funds to buy Wheatland. Wheatland was sold to the Foundation for $40,000 on February 27, 1936. It was opened to the public on May 5, 1936 and was dedicated "as a new presidential shrine, taking its place with Mount Vernon, Monticello and The Hermitage," in October 1937. Wheatland was designated a National Historic Landmark on July 4, 1961 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. Wheatland became a contributing property to the Northeast Lancaster Township Historic District on March 20, 1986. The James Buchanan Foundation and the neighboring Lancaster County Historical Society were merged in 2009 to form LancasterHistory.org.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and decor</h2><br>
<p>Wheatland is a Federal style house made of brick. As no documents on the actual construction are known to exist, the person or persons responsible for the design of Wheatland have remained anonymous. However, the architecture of Wheatland, as well as its location on the property, indicates someone who was skilled in classical architecture. Design elements, like various lunette windows, also show the influence of various architectural guidebooks that were prevalent in the early 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The interior of Wheatland is furnished as it would have been in the mid-19th Century, with most of the furniture being original to the house. As Wheatland has never been significantly altered or remodeled, other than the installation of modern lighting and heating, it provides an accurate view of the lifestyle in the Victorian era.</p><br>
<p>The house is made up of a -story, "bilaterally symmetrical", central section, flanked by two, three-story wings set back from the main facade. The roofs of both wings are flat and sloping towards the rear of the house; the northern wing also a "pent roof", a sloped, shingled roof between the first floor and second floor windows, on the rear. The front entrance to Wheatland is sheltered by a portico supported by Tuscan order columns, while the rear entrance is on a veranda.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>Both of the main entrances into Wheatland open onto a T-shaped hallway. The main portion of the hall is 42 ft long and 8 ft wide, while the cross-hall is 34 x. It is covered with an oilcloth flooring that was decorated with "geometric squares to imitate tile"&mdash;painting one material to resemble another, more expensive one that was popular in the Victorian era. The original cloth was covered with a modern, red carpet up until 1990; it has since been overlaid with an identical, reproduction covering.</p><br>
<p>On the first floor are located the parlor, the library, two dining rooms, and the kitchen. One of the dining rooms is located in the western wing, off of the hallway, and was used primarily used by the family for smaller meals like breakfast or tea. The kitchen is also in the wing, directly adjacent to the dining room. The other dining room, located in the front western side of the main house, was used only for formal dinners and as the sitting room where the men would converse after dinner. The fireplace in the room was enclosed in marble when Buchanan bought Wheatland and had a furnace installed. Across the hall, on the other side of the main house is the parlor, where the women guests would congregate after dinner. The library is located off the hallway in the east wing. The woodwork, doors, a bookcase, and a bookshelf built into the wall were grained to resemble oak. The shelves in the bookshelf no longer exist; but, the backboard of the bookshelf is visible, as is the plaster wall made to resemble wood. Two mahogany bookcases, flanking the fireplace in the library, were furnished by Jenkins and having been sold to each successive owner by the previous one. The library was primarily used by Buchanan as the place to meet with guests.</p><br>
<p>The second floor is reached by means of an elliptical stairway in the cross-hall. Embedded into the newel post at the base of the stairs is glass "peace stone", symbolizing the owners "peace of mind" after having paid off the mortgage. The living quarters for the inhabitants of Wheatland were located on the second floor. A bathroom, complete with bathtub, shower and a bidet, was installed in the west wing when the Willsons bought Wheatland in 1884. The third floor was primarily used as servants&#39; quarters and has been left unrestored.</p><br>
<h3>Grounds</h3><br>
<p>Originally constituting 22 acre, the grounds surrounding Wheatland were incrementally sold until only 4.25 acre remained when it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The merger in 2009, however, included the 5.75 acre given to the historical society in 1934; the total of the two parcels is almost half of Wheatland&#39;s original property.</p><br>
<p>On the grounds, behind Wheatland, stand a privy, a smokehouse, and a carriage house. A stable used to stand on the property but was replaced by the carriage house in the late 1880s; an icehouse also no longer exists. The carriage house, today, houses meeting and reception space.</p><br>
<p>Wheatland is open to the public Monday-Saturday from mid-January through mid-November, with tours available hourly.</p><br>
<p>The First Unitarian Society of Madison  is a Unitarian Universalist congregation in Shorewood Hills, Wisconsin. Its meeting house was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and built by Marshall Erdman in 1949-51, and has been designated a USA National Historic Landmark for its architecture. With over 2,000 members, it is one of the largest Unitarian Universalist congregations in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The society is housed in the historic Unitarian Meeting House, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, one of its members and the son of two of its founders. Wright was commissioned to design the Meeting House in 1946. Construction began in 1949 and was completed in 1951. The building is located in eastern Shorewood Hills, on the south side of University Bay Drive at its junction with Highland Avenue. The church "upper meeting house", the original Wright design, is characterized by its prow-like roof, covered with a blue-green standing seam copper, set with a combination of vertical and horizontal seams to emphasize the roof&#39;s shape. The roof is supported by an innovative series of hinged-arch trusses built out of two-by-four and two-by-six framing members. There is no ridge pole, although there is the appearance of one both inside and outside; the roof is effectively support by the main roof section being counterbalanced by the extended eaves. The system allows for an interior span of 64 ft without supports.</p><br>
<p>The church building is recognized as one of the most innovative examples of church architecture. In 1960, the American Institute of Architects designated it one of 17 buildings to be retained as an example of Wright&#39;s contribution to American culture. The Meeting House was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, before the traditional 50-year cutoff for historic buildings. In 2004, it was designated a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>Construction of a major expansion of the FUS campus, designed by Kubala Washatko Architects, was completed in 2008, with a second, 500-seat auditorium and community spaces being added. Extensive repairs and restoration were also made to the historic building. This expansion conforms to strict guidelines to leave the historic parts of the grounds unaltered.</p><br>
